Empirical and molecular formulas · 实验式和分子式
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| empirical formula/emˈpɪrɪkl ˈfɔːmjʊlə/ | 实验式 | shí yàn shì |
| molecular formula/məˈlekjʊlə ˈfɔːmjʊlə/ | 分子式 | fēn zǐ shì |
| water of crystallisation/ˈwɔːtə ɒv ˌkrɪstəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/ | 结晶水 | jié jīng shuǐ |
| hydrated/haɪˈdreɪtɪd/ | 水合的 | shuǐ hé de |
| anhydrous/ænˈhaɪdrəs/ | 无水的 | wú shuǐ de |
From ratio to real formula
- The empirical formula 实验式 is the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms.
- The molecular formula 分子式 is the actual number of atoms in a molecule.
- Some crystals also trap water — water of crystallisation 结晶水.
从比例到真实化学式
- 实验式(empirical formula) 是原子最简整数比。
- 分子式(molecular formula) 是一个分子中原子的实际数目。
- 一些晶体也困住水——结晶水(water of crystallisation)。
Empirical formula route · 实验式求解路径
Follow data from masses to simplest whole-number ratio. · 根据质量数据推导至最简整数比。
The simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in a compound is the ______ formula. · 化合物中原子的最简整数比称为 ______ 式。
The molecular formula is a whole-number multiple of the empirical formula. · 分子式是实验式的整数倍。
Ethane has empirical formula CH₃ and molecular formula C₂H₆. This shows: · 乙烷的实验式为 CH₃,分子式为 C₂H₆。这说明了:
Empirical = simplest whole-number ratio; molecular = the real number of atoms per molecule. · 实验式 = 最简整数比;分子式 = 每个分子的实际原子数。
Finding the empirical formula
From masses (or % by mass):
- divide each element's mass by its $A_r$ → moles.
- divide all the mole values by the smallest.
- round to whole numbers — that ratio is the empirical formula.
Example: ethane has empirical formula $\text{CH}_3$ but molecular formula $\text{C}_2\text{H}_6$.
求实验式
从质量(或质量百分比):
- 把每种元素的质量除以它的 $A_r$ → 摩尔数。
- 把所有摩尔值除以 最小的 那个。
- 取整为整数——那个比就是实验式。
例子:乙烷的实验式是 $\text{CH}_3$,但分子式是 $\text{C}_2\text{H}_6$。
The first step in finding an empirical formula from masses is to: · 从质量求实验式的第一步是:
Convert masses to moles (mass ÷ Ar), then divide by the smallest and round to whole numbers. · 将质量转换为摩尔数(质量 ÷ Ar),然后除以最小值并四舍五入取整。
A compound contains 0.2 mol carbon and 0.8 mol hydrogen. Dividing by the smaller amount, what is the H subscript in the empirical formula (C₁H?)? · 某化合物含 0.2 mol 碳和 0.8 mol 氢。除以较小数值后,实验式 (C₁H?) 中 H 的下标是多少?
Divide both by 0.2: C = 1, H = 4. The empirical formula is CH₄. · 两者均除以 0.2:C = 1, H = 4。实验式为 CH₄。
Put the steps for finding a molecular formula in order. · 将求分子式的步骤排序。
Masses → moles → simplest ratio (empirical) → scale by Mr (molecular). · 质量 → 摩尔数 → 最简比(实验式)→ 乘以 Mr 倍数(分子式)。
From empirical to molecular
- You also need $M_r$.
- Find how many times the empirical formula mass fits into $M_r$.
- Multiply the empirical formula by that number.
从实验式到分子式
- 你还需要 $M_r$。
- 求出 实验式式量 在 $M_r$ 中容纳多少次。
- 把实验式乘以那个数。
To get the molecular formula from the empirical formula, you also need: · 由实验式推导分子式还需要:
Divide Mr by the empirical formula mass, then multiply the empirical formula by that whole number. · 用 Mr 除以实验式质量,然后将实验式乘以该整数倍。
Hydrated 水合的 and anhydrous 无水的
- Water of crystallisation is water held inside a crystal.
- A solid that contains it is hydrated; with the water removed it is anhydrous.
- E.g. hydrated copper(II) sulfate $\text{CuSO}_4 \cdot 5\text{H}_2\text{O}$ → heat → anhydrous $\text{CuSO}_4$.
含水的和无水的
- 结晶水 是保存在晶体内部的水。
- 含有它的固体是 水合的(hydrated);把水移除后它是 无水的(anhydrous)。
- 例如水合硫酸铜(II) $\text{CuSO}_4 \cdot 5\text{H}_2\text{O}$ → 加热 → 无水 $\text{CuSO}_4$。
An anhydrous salt is one that: · 无水盐是指:
Hydrated salts hold water of crystallisation; heating drives it off to give the anhydrous form. · 水合盐含有结晶水;加热可除去水分得到无水形式。
You've got it
- empirical = simplest ratio; molecular = actual atoms (ethane $\text{CH}_3$ vs $\text{C}_2\text{H}_6$)
- empirical: mass ÷ $A_r$ → divide by smallest → round
- molecular: multiply empirical by ($M_r$ ÷ empirical-formula mass)
- hydrated holds water of crystallisation; anhydrous has it removed
你掌握了
- 实验式 = 最简比;分子式 = 实际原子(乙烷 $\text{CH}_3$ vs $\text{C}_2\text{H}_6$)
- 实验式:质量 ÷ $A_r$ → 除以最小的 → 取整
- 分子式:把实验式乘以($M_r$ ÷ 实验式式量)
- 水合的 保有结晶水;无水的 把它移除了