Unit 5: Conflict, Crisis, and Reaction
AP European History Topic 5 7:22 English narration · English + 中文 subtitles burned in
Chapters
Transcript
Contextualizing eighteenth-century states means holding four things together: global commercial competition, the French Revolution, Napoleon, and the settlement that followed.
为十八世纪的各国建立背景，就是同时把握四件事： 全球商业竞争、法国大革命、拿破仑，以及随后的和约安排。
Hold this unit as a single argument rather than a set of events.
把这一单元当作一个论证来把握， 而不是一串事件。
Commercial rivalry strained state finances.
商业竞争让国家财政吃紧。
Enlightenment ideas supplied a language for challenging authority.
启蒙观念 为挑战权威提供了语言。
And where the two met, a revolution followed.
而当两者相遇的地方， 革命随之而来。
Every topic in the unit is a step in that sentence, including the ones that look like foreign policy.
本单元的每一个主题 都是这句话中的一步， 包括那些看起来像外交政策的部分。
The rise of global markets, and Britain's ascendency, come first.
先说全球市场的兴起，以及英国的崛起。
The expansion of European commerce accelerated the growth of a worldwide economic network, and maritime competition was no longer a side-show to European politics.
欧洲商业的扩张 加速了全球经济网络的形成， 海上竞争 不再是欧洲政治的副线。
Overseas trade and colonies were now where European power was won and lost.
海外贸易与殖民地 如今成了欧洲权力 得失的所在。
Rivalry between Britain and France resulted in world wars fought both in Europe and in the colonies, with Britain supplanting France as the greatest European power.
英法之间的对抗 导致了在欧洲与殖民地同时进行的世界性战争， 英国取代法国 成为欧洲最大的强国。
Two consequences follow and both are examinable.
随之而来两个后果， 两者都是考点。
Britain gained commercial and naval dominance that shaped the next century.
英国获得了塑造下一个世纪的 商业与海军优势。
And France, having spent enormously on those wars, entered the 1780s with a fiscal crisis — which is the direct link between this topic and the next.
而法国在这些战争上耗资巨大， 进入 1780 年代时陷入财政危机， 这正是本主题 与下一个主题之间的直接联系。
The Revolution resulted from a combination of long-term social and political causes, as well as Enlightenment ideas, exacerbated by short-term fiscal and economic crises.
革命源于 长期社会与政治原因的结合， 加上启蒙观念， 并被短期的财政与经济危机所激化。
That formula is the CED's own — long-term causes, plus ideas, plus a short-term trigger — and it works for almost any causes question in this unit.
这个公式出自课程大纲本身， 长期原因，加上观念， 再加上一个短期触发因素， 它适用于本单元 几乎任何一道原因题。
Notice why it works: the long-term causes explain why France was vulnerable, the ideas explain what the grievance was expressed as, and the trigger explains why 1789 rather than any other year.
注意它为什么管用： 长期原因解释了法国为何脆弱， 观念解释了不满以何种方式被表达， 而触发因素解释了 为什么是 1789 年 而不是别的年份。
The CED divides the Revolution into phases, and the distinction between them earns marks, because questions almost always name one.
课程大纲把革命分成若干阶段， 而区分这些阶段能得分， 因为题目几乎总是点名其中之一。
The first, or liberal, phase established a constitutional monarchy, increased popular participation, nationalised the Catholic Church, and abolished hereditary privileges.
第一个阶段，也就是自由派阶段， 建立了君主立宪制， 扩大了民众参与， 把天主教会收归国有， 并废除了世袭特权。
After the execution of Louis the Sixteenth, the radical Jacobin republic led by Robespierre responded to opposition at home and war abroad by instituting the Reign of Terror, fixing prices and wages, and pursuing a policy of de-Christianisation.
在路易十六被处决之后， 由罗伯斯庇尔领导的雅各宾激进共和国， 面对国内的反对与国外的战争， 实行恐怖统治， 管制价格与工资， 并推行去基督教化政策。
Revolutionary armies, raised by mass conscription, sought to bring the changes begun in France to the rest of Europe.
通过大规模征兵组建的革命军队， 试图把法国开始的变革 带到欧洲其他地方。
And women's participation is examinable and specific: women participated enthusiastically in the early phases, and while there were brief improvements in their legal status, they were later excluded from political participation.
而女性的参与 是具体而可考的： 女性在早期阶段热情参与， 虽然她们的法律地位一度有所改善， 但后来被排除在政治参与之外。
Both halves of that sentence are needed.
这句话的两半都需要。
The Revolution redefined political sovereignty, and Louis XVI lost his head over it.
大革命重新界定了政治主权，路易十六为此掉了脑袋。
Two effects, and the first is high-value and frequently omitted.
有两项影响， 而第一项价值很高，却常被遗漏。
Revolutionary ideals inspired a revolt of enslaved people led by Toussaint L'Ouverture in the French colony of Saint-Domingue, which became independent Haiti.
革命理想激发了 由杜桑·卢维杜尔领导的 被奴役者的起义， 发生在法国殖民地圣多明各， 后来成为独立的海地。
That is the CED's demonstration that revolutionary principles, once stated universally, could not be confined to Europe.
这是课程大纲用来说明， 革命原则一旦被普遍地陈述出来， 就无法被限制在欧洲之内。
And second: while many were inspired by the Revolution's emphasis on equality and human rights, others condemned its violence and its disregard for traditional authority — which is the origin of modern conservatism as a political position, not merely a mood.
第二： 许多人受革命对平等与人权的强调所鼓舞， 另一些人则谴责它的暴力 与它对传统权威的漠视， 这正是现代保守主义 作为一种政治立场的起源， 而不只是一种情绪。
Napoleon is a both/and, and neither half alone is the answer.
拿破仑是一个"既……又……"， 任何一半单独拿出来都不是答案。
As first consul and emperor he undertook enduring domestic reforms — legal codification, administrative and financial reorganisation, a religious settlement — while often curtailing rights and manipulating popular opinion.
作为第一执政与皇帝， 他推行了持久的国内改革， 法典编纂、行政与财政重组、 与教会的和解， 同时又常常限缩权利 并操纵民意。
His new military tactics allowed him to exert direct or indirect control over much of the European continent, spreading the reforms of the Revolution to the territories he governed.
他新的军事战术 使他得以对欧洲大陆的大部分地区 施加直接或间接的控制， 并把革命的改革 带到他所统治的领土。
And his expanding empire created nationalist responses throughout Europe.
而他不断扩张的帝国 在整个欧洲激起了民族主义回应。
People defined themselves against French rule, which is how the Revolution's own principle of the nation was turned against France.
人们通过反对法国统治来定义自己， 革命自己的"民族"原则 就这样被用来对抗法国。
That irony is the topic's best essay material.
这一反讽 是本主题最好的作文素材。
Let's take a real short-answer.
来看一道真实的简答题。
Explain one way the French Revolution changed European political life between seventeen eighty-nine and eighteen fifteen.
说明法国大革命在一七八九到一八一五年间 改变欧洲政治生活的一种方式。
Pause here and try it.
先暂停，自己试一试。
A full-mark answer names the change and traces the mechanism.
满分答案要先点出变化，再追出机制。
The Revolution established the principle that sovereignty belonged to the nation rather than to a monarch.
大革命确立了主权属于民族、而不属于君主的原则。
Revolutionary armies, raised by mass conscription, carried that principle across Europe.
通过大规模征兵组建的革命军队，把这一原则带到了欧洲各地。
Even where French rule was resented, people began to define themselves as nations with a claim to govern themselves, so the idea outlasted Napoleon's defeat.
即便法国统治遭到怨恨，人们也开始把自己定义为有权自治的民族， 所以这个观念比拿破仑的失败活得更久。
Notice that the answer survives eighteen fifteen: a change question wants something that persisted. Name the change, then show that it lasted.
注意答案挺过了一八一五年：变化题要的是留下来的东西。
The Congress of Vienna, which sat from eighteen hundred and fourteen to eighteen hundred and fifteen, is the settlement.
一八一四到一八一五年的维也纳会议，就是那个和约安排。
After Napoleon's defeat by a coalition of European powers, the Congress of Vienna attempted to restore the balance of power and to contain the danger of revolutionary or nationalistic upheavals in the future.
在拿破仑被欧洲列强联盟击败之后， 维也纳会议 试图恢复均势， 并遏制未来革命或民族主义 动荡的危险。
Note the two aims, because they are different things: a settlement among states, and a defence against a kind of politics.
要注意这两个目标， 因为它们是不同的事情： 一个是国家之间的安排， 另一个是对某一类政治的防范。
Unit 7 is largely the story of the second aim failing.
第七单元 在很大程度上 就是第二个目标失败的故事。
And Romanticism emerged as a challenge to Enlightenment rationality.
而浪漫主义 作为对启蒙理性的挑战出现。
The CED grounds it precisely: Rousseau questioned the exclusive reliance on reason and emphasised the role of emotions in the moral improvement of self and society.
课程大纲把它交代得很准确： 卢梭质疑对理性的独断依赖， 并强调情感 在自我与社会的道德改善中的作用。
So the challenge begins inside the Enlightenment itself — which is a far more sophisticated line than treating Romanticism as a simple reaction against it.
因此这一挑战 始于启蒙运动内部， 这比把浪漫主义 当作对它的简单反动 要精妙得多。
Two more strands before the recap.
收尾之前还有两条线索。
A religious revival, including Methodism, answered the century's rationalism.
一场宗教复兴，包括卫理宗，回应了这个世纪的理性主义。
And revolution, war, and rebellion demonstrated the emotional power of mass politics and nationalism — which is why the unit's reasoning skill is continuity and change.
而革命、战争与叛乱显示出群众政治与民族主义的情感力量—— 这也是为什么本单元的推理技能是延续与变化。
Five things to carry out.
带走五件事。
First, use the CED's causes formula: long-term causes, plus Enlightenment ideas, plus a short-term fiscal crisis.
第一，使用课程大纲的原因公式： 长期原因，加启蒙观念， 再加短期财政危机。
Second, identify which phase a question is about.
第二，判断题目问的是哪个阶段。
Third, on women give both halves — enthusiastic early participation, later exclusion.
第三，关于女性要给出两半， 早期的热情参与， 后来的被排除。
Fourth, Haiti shows the Revolution's principles escaping Europe.
第四，海地表明 革命的原则逃出了欧洲。
Fifth, Napoleon is enduring reforms and curtailed rights, and Romanticism's challenge begins inside the Enlightenment.
第五，拿破仑既有持久改革 又有权利限缩， 而浪漫主义的挑战 始于启蒙运动内部。