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Pearson Edexcel · International A-Level · Economics Chủ đề 3 7:42 Giọng đọc tiếng Anh · phụ đề tiếng Anh + 中文 được ghi trực tiếp
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This topic measures economic performance, then explains it.
本主题先衡量经济表现，再加以解释。
Aggregate demand and aggregate supply set output and the price level.
总需求和总供给决定产出和价格水平。
The multiplier enlarges every injection.
乘数放大每一笔注入。
And growth, actual or potential, moves the whole economy.
而增长，无论实际增长还是潜在增长，推动整个经济。
Nominal GDP has an index of 112, and the price deflator is 108.
名义 GDP 指数为 112，价格平减指数为 108。
Real GDP is 112 over 108 times 100: 103.7.
实际 GDP 等于 112 除以 108 乘 100，即 103.7。
Divide by a population index of 102: real GDP per capita is 101.7.
再除以人口指数 102：人均实际 GDP 为 101.7。
Real growth was 3.7 percent, but living standards rose only 1.7 percent.
实际增长百分之 3.7，但生活水平只提高了百分之 1.7。
Three pairs.
三组区分。
Real removes price changes; nominal keeps them.
实际值剔除价格变化，名义值保留价格变化。
Per capita divides by population.
人均值除以人口。
Value counts money; volume counts quantities.
价值量按货币计算，实物量按数量计算。
Purchasing power parities make fair comparisons between countries.
购买力平价使国家之间的比较更公平。
And a recession is two consecutive quarters of negative growth.
经济衰退是连续两个季度的负增长。
GDP leaves out non-market activity and the shadow economy, the distribution of income and hours worked, and environmental damage.
GDP 遗漏了非市场活动和影子经济、收入分配和工作时长，以及环境破坏。
Wellbeing indicators add life expectancy, corruption perception and reported happiness.
幸福指标补充了预期寿命、腐败感知和自报的幸福感。
India's CPI inflation fell from about 12% in 2010 to about 9% in 2011, and from about 11% in 2013 to about 6% in 2015.
印度的 CPI 通胀率从 2010 年的约百分之 12 降到 2011 年的约百分之 9，从 2013 年的约百分之 11 降到 2015 年的约百分之 6。
Prices rose every year; only the rate of increase fell.
物价每年都在上涨，只是涨幅下降了。
That is disinflation, never deflation.
这是通胀放缓，而不是通货紧缩。
Weights of 50, 30 and 20 over three goods, with price relatives of 110, 100 and 120.
三种商品的权重为 50、30 和 20，价格指数为 110、100 和 120。
Weighted: 55 plus 30 plus 24 is 109, so inflation is 9 percent.
加权后：55 加 30 加 24 等于 109，所以通胀率为百分之 9。
Three causes of inflation.
通胀的三个原因。
Demand-pull: AD runs beyond capacity.
需求拉动：总需求超出产能。
Cost-push: input costs raise prices.
成本推动：投入成本推高价格。
And excessive growth of the money supply.
以及货币供应量增长过快。
Consumers lose real income and savings.
消费者的实际收入和储蓄缩水。
Government receives more tax, and its debt is worth less.
政府税收增加，债务贬值。
Firms find planning harder.
企业更难规划。
Workers' real wages fall if pay lags.
工资跟不上时，工人的实际工资下降。
Borrowers gain and lenders lose.
借款人得益，贷款人受损。
And competitiveness and the current account worsen.
竞争力和经常账户恶化。
The ILO counts people without work who are available and actively seeking it.
国际劳工组织统计没有工作、可以工作并积极找工作的人。
Five causes: frictional, between jobs; seasonal; structural, a skills mismatch; demand-deficiency; and real-wage inflexibility, with wages stuck above equilibrium.
五个原因：摩擦性，在换工作之间；季节性；结构性，技能不匹配；需求不足；以及实际工资缺乏弹性，工资停在均衡水平之上。
Unemployment costs consumers income and firms demand.
失业使消费者失去收入，企业失去需求。
Public finances lose tax and pay benefits.
公共财政减少税收并增加福利支出。
The economy operates inside its PPF.
经济在生产可能性边界以内运行。
Also watch underemployment, economic inactivity and net migration.
还要关注就业不足、经济不活跃和净移民。
The balance of payments records transactions with the rest of the world.
国际收支记录与世界其他地区的交易。
The current account adds trade in goods, trade in services, primary income, and secondary income.
经常账户包括货物贸易、服务贸易、初次收入和二次收入。
Aggregate demand is total planned spending: consumption, investment, government spending, and net trade.
总需求是计划总支出：消费、投资、政府支出和净出口。
With C of 60, I of 20, G of 20 and net trade of 0, AD is 100.
C 为 60、I 为 20、G 为 20、净出口为 0 时，总需求为 100。
A change in any part shifts the curve.
任何一部分的变化都会使曲线移动。
Consumption follows disposable income, interest rates, confidence, credit and wealth.
消费取决于可支配收入、利率、信心、信贷和财富。
Investment follows growth, interest rates, business confidence and corporation tax.
投资取决于增长、利率、企业信心和公司税。
Government spending follows fiscal policy and the cycle.
政府支出取决于财政政策和经济周期。
Net trade follows real income, the exchange rate, the world economy and quality.
净出口取决于实际收入、汇率、世界经济和质量。
The KEYNESIAN curve is horizontal with spare capacity, curves up as full employment approaches, and turns vertical at capacity.
凯恩斯主义曲线在有闲置产能时是水平的，接近充分就业时向上弯曲，到达产能时变为垂直。
The CLASSICAL curve is vertical at full-employment output: the economy always tends back there.
古典曲线在充分就业产出处垂直：经济总会回到那里。
Short-run supply shifts with raw material and energy costs, exchange rates and tax rates.
短期总供给随原材料和能源成本、汇率和税率移动。
Long-run supply shifts with technology and productivity, education and skills, demography and migration, regulation and competition.
长期总供给随技术和生产率、教育和技能、人口和移民、监管和竞争移动。
In the circular flow, injections add spending: investment, government spending and exports.
在收入循环流中，注入增加支出：投资、政府支出和出口。
Withdrawals remove it: saving, taxation and imports.
漏出减少支出：储蓄、税收和进口。
Equilibrium returns when I plus G plus X equals S plus T plus M.
当 I 加 G 加 X 等于 S 加 T 加 M 时，经济回到均衡。
AD meets SRAS at an output of 70 and a price level of 55.
总需求与短期总供给相交于产出 70、价格水平 55。
An injection of 15 shifts AD to the right: output rises to 85 and 62.5.
15 的注入使总需求右移：产出升到 85，价格水平升到 62.5。
An injection of 20 becomes income.
20 的注入变成收入。
With an MPC of 0.8, people re-spend 16 of it, then 12.8, then 10.24, and so on.
边际消费倾向为 0.8 时，人们再花掉其中的 16，然后 12.8，然后 10.24，依此类推。
The rounds sum to 100: five times the injection.
各轮相加为 100：注入额的五倍。
With an MPC of 0.5, k is 1 over 0.5: 2, so a 30 billion pound investment raises income by 60 billion.
边际消费倾向为 0.5 时，k 等于 1 除以 0.5，即 2，所以 300 亿英镑的投资使收入增加 600 亿。
From the withdrawals, MPW is 0.1 plus 0.15 plus 0.25: 0.5, so k is 2 again.
从漏出看，边际漏出倾向为 0.1 加 0.15 加 0.25，等于 0.5，所以 k 也是 2。
With an MPC of 0.8, k is 5.
边际消费倾向为 0.8 时，k 为 5。
ACTUAL growth is a movement towards the PPF: more output from the capacity already there.
实际增长是向生产可能性边界的移动：利用现有产能生产更多。
POTENTIAL growth is an outward shift of the PPF: more capacity.
潜在增长是边界向外移动：产能增加。
Productivity growth is its deepest driver.
生产率增长是它最深层的推动力。
Benefits: higher living standards, lower unemployment, higher profits and investment, and more tax for better public services.
好处：生活水平提高、失业下降、利润和投资增加，以及更多税收带来更好的公共服务。
Costs: environmental damage, trade deficits as imports surge, greater inequality, and inflation if growth runs past capacity.
代价：环境破坏、进口激增造成贸易逆差、不平等加剧，以及增长超出产能时的通胀。
An output gap is the difference between actual output and its long-term trend.
产出缺口是实际产出与长期趋势之间的差距。
A POSITIVE gap means output above trend and inflationary pressure.
正缺口意味着产出高于趋势，有通胀压力。
A NEGATIVE gap means spare capacity and unemployment.
负缺口意味着有闲置产能和失业。
Nominal GDP rose from 200 to 262 billion euros, while the deflator rose from 100 to 104.
名义 GDP 从 2000 亿欧元增至 2620 亿欧元，平减指数从 100 升到 104。
Real GDP in year 2 is 262 over 104 times 100: about 251.9 billion.
第二年的实际 GDP 等于 262 除以 104 乘 100：约 2519 亿。
Real growth is about 26 percent; nominal growth was 31 percent.
实际增长约百分之 26；名义增长是百分之 31。
GDP is measured regularly, in a standard way, nearly everywhere, and tracks jobs, tax and recessions.
GDP 在几乎所有国家都以标准方法定期统计，能反映就业、税收和衰退。
But multinationals' accounting can distort it, as in Ireland, and it ignores distribution and the environment.
但跨国公司的会计处理会扭曲它，例如爱尔兰；它也忽略分配和环境。
Judgement: a good measure of production, a weak one of living standards.
判断：衡量生产的好指标，衡量生活水平的弱指标。
Check yourself.
自我检测。
Nominal 112 with a deflator of 108 gives real GDP of 103.7.
名义值 112、平减指数 108，实际 GDP 为 103.7。
Inflation falling from 12 to 9 percent is disinflation.
通胀从百分之 12 降到 9 是通胀放缓。
An MPC of 0.8 gives a multiplier of 5, so an injection of 20 adds 100.
边际消费倾向 0.8 时乘数为 5，所以 20 的注入使收入增加 100。
And a positive output gap means output above trend: inflationary.
正产出缺口意味着产出高于趋势：有通胀压力。