The Columbian Exchange
Introduced| English |
|---|
| Columbian Exchange/kəˈlʌmbɪən eksˈtʃeɪndʒ/ |
| plantation/plænˈteɪʃn/ |
A biological exchange, both directions
- The new connections between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres resulted in the exchange of new plants, animals and diseases, known as the Columbian Exchange 哥伦布大交换.
- Three categories — plants, animals, diseases — and traffic in both directions.
- The CED's cause is the new connections, which unit 2 taught you to recognise as a network effect.
Select all the categories exchanged in the Columbian Exchange.
The CED's sentence names exactly those three.
Disease came first and hit hardest
- European colonisation of the Americas led to the unintentional transfer of disease vectors, including mosquitoes and rats, and the spread of diseases that were endemic in the Eastern Hemisphere, including smallpox, measles and malaria.
- Some of these diseases substantially reduced the indigenous populations, with catastrophic effects in many areas.
- Unintentional is the CED's word — the mechanism is biological, which is what makes the scale of the loss possible.
The CED describes the transfer of disease vectors as...
The mechanism is biological, which is what makes the scale of loss possible.
American crops fed the Old World
- American foods became staple crops in various parts of Europe, Asia and Africa, and populations in Afro-Eurasia benefited nutritionally from the increased diversity of American food crops.
- Potatoes and maize grow where wheat and rice do not, so the same land feeds more people.
- That is the single largest demographic consequence of the exchange outside the Americas.
Follow the Columbian Exchange both ways
The CED insists on both directions and on the demographic consequence that follows.
Select all the foods the CED says were brought by African enslaved persons.
Horses and cattle are among the domesticated animals brought by Europeans.
The CED names foods brought by African enslaved persons, and that clause is not decorative. Okra and rice reached the Americas through enslaved Africans' own knowledge and practice — an answer that treats the westward transfer as entirely European has dropped one of the CED's four exchange statements.
Cash crops and staple crops had the same social effects.
Staples fed populations; cash crops on coerced-labour plantations were exported for profit.
Cash crops are a different category
- Cash crops were grown primarily on plantations 种植园 with coerced labour and were exported mostly to Europe and the Middle East.
- So the exchange has a food story and a plantation story, and they have opposite social effects.
- The staple story feeds populations; the cash-crop story creates a demand for coerced labour — which 4.4 develops.
Populations in Afro-Eurasia benefited ____ from the increased diversity of American food crops.
Potatoes and maize grow where wheat and rice do not.
What went west
- Afro-Eurasian fruit trees, grains, sugar and domesticated animals were brought by Europeans to the Americas — the CED names horses, pigs and cattle.
- While other foods were brought by African enslaved persons — the CED names okra and rice.
- That last clause matters: enslaved Africans were agents of the exchange, not only its victims.
The potato lets northern Europe feed more people from the same acres. Sugar, grown on plantations with coerced labour, feeds nobody — it is exported for profit. Both crops crossed on the same ships; one raised a population and the other created a demand for enslaved labour, which is why the exchange needs two stories.
The Columbian Exchange moved plants, animals and diseases in both directions. Unintentional disease transfer — smallpox, measles, malaria, plus vectors — substantially reduced indigenous populations. American staples fed and nutritionally benefited Afro-Eurasia, while cash crops on coerced-labour plantations were exported. Africans brought okra and rice.