Seeing Each Other
Divergent worldviews, itemised
- In their interactions, Europeans and Native Americans asserted divergent worldviews regarding issues such as religion, gender roles, family, land use, and power.
- Five areas of disagreement, and land use is the one that becomes a conflict rather than a debate.
- Asserted is active on both sides — the CED does not describe one group holding views and the other reacting.
Select all the issues the CED says the worldviews diverged on.
Land use is the one that becomes a conflict rather than a debate.
Misunderstanding, then borrowing
- Mutual misunderstandings between Europeans and Native Americans often defined the early years of interaction and trade as each group sought to make sense of the other.
- Over time, Europeans and Native Americans adopted some useful aspects of each other's culture.
- So the CED gives a sequence: incomprehension first, selective adoption after — and some useful aspects is a limited claim.
Put the CED's sequence of interaction in order.
'Some useful aspects' is a limited claim.
Defence, by two methods
- As European encroachments on Native Americans' lands and demands on their labour increased, native peoples sought to defend and maintain their political sovereignty, economic prosperity, religious beliefs, and concepts of gender relations through diplomatic negotiations and military resistance.
- Four things defended, and two methods — diplomatic negotiations as well as military resistance.
- An answer that describes only fighting has dropped half of the CED's own account of native agency.
Divergence, native response, or the European debate?
Sort each element of mutual perception.
Select both methods native peoples used to defend themselves.
The CED names both.
Native peoples used two methods, and the CED names both. They defended sovereignty, prosperity, beliefs and gender relations through diplomatic negotiations and military resistance — an answer describing only fighting has dropped half of the CED's own account of native agency.
Select all four things native peoples sought to defend.
Four things, two methods.
A debate inside Europe
- Extended contact with Native Americans and Africans fostered a debate among European religious and political leaders about how non-Europeans should be treated, as well as evolving religious, cultural, and racial justifications for the subjugation of Africans and Native Americans.
- One sentence holds both a debate about treatment and evolving justifications for subjugation.
- Evolving matters: the justifications changed over time, which means they were being constructed, not discovered.
'Evolving justifications' implies that they were...
They changed, which is what evolving means here.
Perspectives developed and changed
- The objective is how and why European and Native American perspectives of others developed and changed.
- Developed: from mutual misunderstanding toward selective adoption and, in Europe, toward constructed justifications.
- Changed: because encroachment increased, so what began as trade became a contest over sovereignty and labour.
Two parties trade for a decade and each explains the other to itself using categories the other does not use. Then land changes hands, and the mismatch stops being a puzzle and becomes a dispute with a boundary in it.
Europeans and Native Americans asserted divergent worldviews regarding religion, gender roles, family, land use, and power. Mutual misunderstandings often defined the early years, and over time... adopted some useful aspects of each other's culture. As encroachments increased, native peoples defended political sovereignty, economic prosperity, religious beliefs, and concepts of gender relations through diplomatic negotiations and military resistance, while in Europe extended contact fostered a debate... as well as evolving religious, cultural, and racial justifications for the subjugation of Africans and Native Americans.