Governments Respond
Liberalism changes what it asks the state to do
- Liberalism shifted from laissez-faire to interventionist economic and social policies in response to the challenges of industrialisation.
- The same ideology, opposite instruction: first that the state should stand back, then that it should act.
- In response to the challenges of industrialisation gives the reason, so this is adaptation, not inconsistency.
Liberalism shifted from laissez-faire to...
In response to the challenges of industrialisation — adaptation, not inconsistency.
Four kinds of urban reform
- Reforms transformed unhealthy and overcrowded cities by modernising infrastructure, regulating public health, reforming prisons, and establishing modern police forces.
- Four measures, and they are different kinds of action: building, regulating, reforming, and creating a new institution.
- 6.4's overcrowding is the problem these answer, which makes the pair easy to write together.
Select all four urban reforms the CED lists.
Building, regulating, reforming, and creating a new institution.
Who moved the governments
- The reforms were enacted by governments motivated by such forces as public opinion, prominent individuals, and charity organisations.
- The CED names the pressure, which is 6.8 arriving at the statute book.
- Such forces as signals an open list — these are examples, not the complete set.
A shift, a reform, or a motive?
Sort each element of the governmental response.
Select all three goals the CED gives for compulsory education.
The CED is reporting the reformers' reasons.
The CED gives compulsory education three goals, and none is the child's own good. Reformers promoted it to advance the goals of public order, nationalism, and economic growth — the CED is reporting the reformers' reasons, and reading the list as given is more accurate than improving it.
'Such forces as public opinion...' signals an open list of motives.
Examples, not the complete set.
Education, for three stated goals
- Reformers promoted compulsory public education to advance the goals of public order, nationalism, and economic growth.
- Three goals, and none of them is stated as the good of the child — the CED is reporting the reformers' reasons.
- Nationalism in that list is worth noticing: schooling is a way of making a population into a nation.
Schooling is a way of making a population into a ____.
Which is why nationalism appears among the goals.
Why governments responded at all
- The objective is how and why governments and other institutions responded to challenges resulting from industrialisation.
- How: intervention, infrastructure, regulation, policing, prisons and schools.
- Why: pressure from organised opinion, plus the state's own interest in order, nationhood and growth.
A city builds sewers, licenses inspectors, rebuilds a prison and hires a police force in the same generation. Only the first is visible from the street. All four are answers to the same complaint, and all four leave a bureaucracy behind.
Liberalism shifted from laissez-faire to interventionist economic and social policies in response to the challenges of industrialisation. Reforms modernised infrastructure, regulated public health, reformed prisons and established modern police forces, enacted by governments motivated by public opinion, prominent individuals, and charity organisations; and compulsory public education was promoted to advance public order, nationalism, and economic growth.