助詞

• 7 助詞

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  7.1

  动词 + 着 — an ongoing state

  (ongoing -ing)着zhe (zhe) after a verb freezes the action into a lingering state — the door is (standing) open, you are holding it. Think of (ongoing -ing)着zhe as a clip that keeps the verb "switched on." A second, very common use is Verb 1 + (ongoing -ing)着zhe + Verb 2: V1(ongoing -ing)着zhe sets the posture or manner, and V2 is the real action done in that state.

  構文gòu wén： Verb + 着 · Verb 1 + 着 + Verb 2

  you all你们nǐ mensit坐zuò着zheI，我wǒright away马上mǎ shàngcome back回来huí lái。

  Stay seated — I'll be right back.

  she她tālikes to喜欢xǐ huanstand站zhàn着zheeat吃饭chī fàn。

  She likes to eat standing up.

  he他tāsmiling笑xiào着zhesaid说shuōsorry对不起duì bu qǐ。

  Smiling, he said sorry.

  Remember: (ongoing -ing)着zhe = the verb held on, lingering (门开mén kāi(ongoing -ing)着zhe = "the door stays open"); for an action actively in progress, use at / in在zài (he / him他tāat / in在zàito have a meal吃饭chī fàn). In V1(ongoing -ing)着zheV2, V1 is the backdrop, V2 the real action — station站zhàn(ongoing -ing)着zhevariant of 吃吃chī = "eat while standing."

  Watch out

  • (ongoing -ing)着zhe is a state, not a play-by-play — pair it with at / in在zài/in the middle of正在zhèng zài only when you really mean "is currently …".

  7.2

  …… 了 — a change of state

  Sentence-final (completed / change)了le can announce a new situation — something has become the case that wasn't before. This "change" (completed / change)了le (often called (completed / change)了le₂) is a different beast from the (completed / change)了le that marks a completed action; here it means "now."

  構文gòu wén： Subject + Adjective + 了 · Subject + Verb + 了

  I我wǒhungry饿è了le。

  I'm hungry (now).

  raining下雨xià yǔ了le。

  It's raining (it wasn't before).

  the baby宝宝bǎo baocan会huìtalk说话shuō huà了le。

  The baby can talk now.

  Remember: this (completed / change)了le = "now, a new state" (to be hungry饿è(completed / change)了le = "hungry now"), not "did and finished." Whenever you'd add "now" in English, this is the (completed / change)了le you want: he / him他tāat or in the very same...当dāngmanager经理jīng lǐ(completed / change)了le ("he's a manager now").

  Watch out

  • Same character, two jobs: change-of-state (completed / change)了le (new新xīncircumstances情况qíng kuàng) vs completed-action (completed / change)了le (to make做zuòto finish完wán(completed / change)了le). Context and position tell them apart.

  7.3

  …… 呢？ — "and you? / what about …?"

  (and …? / softener)呢ne at the end lobs a question back without you having to repeat it — "and …? what about …?" A neat extra: a bare noun + (and …? / softener)呢ne (with no prior question) asks "where is …?"

  Structure: Topic + 呢？

  I我wǒvery很hěnwell好hǎoyou，你nǐ呢ne？

  I'm well — and you?

  my我wǒ的dephone手机shǒu jī呢ne？

  Where's my phone?

  Remember: (and …? / softener)呢ne = "…and X?" — it bounces the last question back (you你nǐ(and …? / softener)呢ne？ "and you?"). With nothing asked before, noun + (and …? / softener)呢ne means "where is X?" (coin钱qián(and …? / softener)呢ne？ "where's the money?").

  Watch out

  • It rides on context — without a prior question or a "where is" sense, a bare (and …? / softener)呢ne has nothing to bounce off.

  7.4

  的 / 得 / 地 — the three structural "de"

  Three different characters, all pronounced de, each with exactly one job. Keeping them straight is the single most common slip in written Chinese — so sort them by what comes next.

  structure構造gòu zào： 的 + Noun · Verb + 得 + Complement · Adjective + 地 + Verb

  you你nǐdid做zuò得devery很hěnwell好hǎobecause，因为yīn wèiyou你nǐcarefully认真rèn zhēn地delistened听课tīng kè。

  You did well, because you listened attentively in class.

  Mom妈妈mā ma的denew新xīnphone手机shǒu jīruns跑pǎo得deespecially特别tè biéfast快kuài。

  Mom's new phone runs especially fast.

  Remember: sort them by what follows: (modifier / structural particle)的de → a noun (pretty漂亮piào liàng(modifier / structural particle)的declothes衣服yī fú); (adverb -ly)地de → a verb, building an adverb (conscientious认真rèn zhēn(adverb -ly)地deto listen to听tīng); (degree marker)得de → sits after a verb, rating the result (to make做zuò(degree marker)得dedegree / adjective linker很hěngood好hǎo). Tip: (adverb -ly)地de has earth土tǔ "earth" (it grounds the verb); (degree marker)得de leans on the verb to tell you how well.

  Watch out

  • A true adverb (not不bù, also也yě, all / both都dōu) needs no (adverb -ly)地de — only an adjective used adverbially does (conscientious认真rèn zhēn(adverb -ly)地de, but just all / both都dōu, never all / both都dōu(adverb -ly)地de).

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