補語

heat暑shǔいSaturday (used in ancient…土曜日tǔ yào rìにあなたとfriend友人yǒu rénはbox箱xiāngをto hold抱bàoえてnew新xīnしい部屋bù wūへ(bound form) up上shàngり、stage階段jiē duànはfruit果guǒてしないようにto feel感gǎnじる。en route途中tú zhōng、friend友人yǒu rénが「today今日jīn rìはweary疲píれたね、most最zuìback後hòuの荷物hé wùはまだto hold持chíち(bound form) up上shàngげられる？」とto hear聞wénき、ドアコードをto think思sīいvariant of 出 (classifier…出chūす。corridor廊lángdown下xiàでnear近jìn(nominalizer)所suǒの(noun suffix)子ziどもがjust recently刚刚gāng gāngto fall asleep睡着shuì zháotherefore因此yīn cǐyou (plural)你们nǐ men两人liǎng rénall / both都dōuto lower (one's voice)压低yā dīvoice声音shēng yīnto speak说话shuō huà。このJapanese variant of 单単dāncurrency unit (esp. Chinese…元yuánでは、その7th earthly branch: 11…午wǔback後hòuのパターンをto offer提供tí gōngする：あることがlimit極限jí xiànにあるか、operation行動xíng dòngがmaybe / possible可能kě néngか、outcome結果jié guǒがJapanese variant of 实実shíborder際jìにto rise起qǐきたか。

adjective形容词xíng róng cí + (degree marker)得de + degree / adjective linker很hěn / desperately serious不得了bù dé le / to cause sb's death要命yào mìng / won't do不行bù xíng

to describe形容xíng róngword詞cíのback後hòuに「(degree marker)得de」＋short短duǎnい ending がto add加jiāわることで、nature性質xìng zhìがlimit極限jí xiànまでto emphasize (a statement)強調qiáng diàoされる：ひどいほど、あるいはto ignore無視wú shìできないほど。このJapanese variant of 单単dāncurrency unit (esp. Chinese…元yuánの ending は「degree / adjective linker很hěn（very非常fēi chángに）」「desperately serious不得了bù dé le（to startle驚jīngくほど）」「to cause sb's death要命yào mìng（life命mìngにvariant of 关関guānわるほど）」「won't do不行bù xíng（(bound form) to bear耐nàiえdisaster難nánいほど）」である。「extremely极了jí le（extremely極jíめて）」「to die死sǐ(completed / change)了le（to die死sǐんだほど）」はalready既jìにto know知zhīっており、これらはto describe形容xíng róngword詞cíにdirect (opposite: indirect…直接zhí jiēto pay付fùく。このグループは「(degree marker)得de」をto keep維持wéi chíする。ending は補足語bǔ zú yǔであり、to describe形容xíng róngword詞cíのback後hòuにmeaning意味yì wèiをto complete完成wán chéngさせるpart部分bù fènである。

to appear形xíng

to describe形容xíng róngword詞cí ＋ (degree marker)得de ＋ degree / adjective linker很hěn / desperately serious不得了bù dé le / to cause sb's death要命yào mìng / won't do不行bù xíng

to describe形容xíng róngword詞cíはto be certain肯定kěn dìng(modifier / structural particle)的deでもto negate否定fǒu dìng(modifier / structural particle)的deでもよい。to close閉bìじたリストはない。first最初zuì chūの「(degree marker)得de」はneutral中立zhōng lì(modifier / structural particle)的deなparticle (grammatical)助詞zhù cí de である。ending の「desperately serious不得了bù dé le」のto hit (the mark)中zhōngでの「(degree marker)得de」は dé（(degree marker)得deる）であり、all全体quán tǐは bùdélio となる。day-to-day日常rì cháng会話huì huàでこれらのfour四sìつがto use / with用yòngいられる。「(degree marker)得dedegree / adjective linker很hěn」がmost最zuìもsimple素朴sù piáoであり、diary日記rì jì、チャット、monogatari物語wù yǔにもto fit適shìしている。「(degree marker)得dedesperately serious不得了bù dé le」はよりto emphasize (a statement)強調qiáng diào(modifier / structural particle)的deである。「(degree marker)得deto cause sb's death要命yào mìng」「(degree marker)得dewon't do不行bù xíng」はよりカジュアルなecho響xiǎngきをto hold持chíつ。「to cause sb's death要命yào mìng」はnot不bùJapanese variant of 满満mǎnの色合sè héいをto keep in the mouth含hánみやすいが、第二例dì èr lìのようにto be certain肯定kěn dìng(modifier / structural particle)的deなto describe形容xíng róngword詞cíでもto make使shǐわれる。he / him他tāに「(degree marker)得deto get panicky慌huāng」「(degree marker)得de(used to describe sb or sth…厉害lì hài」などの spoken ending もto exist存在cún zàiする。root本běn lesson は上記shàng jìのfour四sìつにto concentrate集中jí zhōngする。

例文lì wén

山里shān lǐ(modifier / structural particle)的deair空气kōng qìfresh (experience, food etc)新鲜xīn xiān(degree marker)得dedegree / adjective linker很hěn，风一停fēng yī tíng，quiet安静ān jìng(degree marker)得dedesperately serious不得了bù dé le。

山里shān lǐ(modifier / structural particle)的deair空气kōng qìfresh (experience, food etc)新鲜xīn xiān(modifier / structural particle)的dedegree / adjective linker很hěn，风一停fēng yī tíng，quiet安静ān jìng(degree marker)得dedesperately serious不得了bù dé le。mountain山shānのto hit (the mark)中zhōngのempty / sky空kōngJapanese variant of 气気qìは素晴sù qíngらしくfresh (experience, food etc)新鮮xīn xiānで、wind風fēngがto stop止zhǐまるとcomplete完全wán quánにquiet静寂jìng jìである。

to beat赢yíng(completed / change)了lecompetition (sports etc)比赛bǐ sàiafter以后yǐ hòu，he / him他tāhappy高兴gāo xìng(degree marker)得deto cause sb's death要命yào mìng，teammate队友duì yǒualso也yěexcited兴奋xīng fèn(degree marker)得dewon't do不行bù xíng。

to beat赢yíng(completed / change)了lecompetition (sports etc)比赛bǐ sàiafter以后yǐ hòu，he / him他tāhappy高兴gāo xìng(degree marker)得deto cause sb's death要命yào mìng，teammate队友duì yǒualso也yěexcited兴奋xīng fèn(degree marker)得dewon't do不行bù xíng。that彼bǐは試合shì héにvictory勝shèngったback後hòu、あまりにamusement嬉xīしくてたまらず、チームメイトもsee 胡同同tóngじくらいexcited興奮xìng fènして(bound form) to bear耐nàiえdisaster難nánかった。

Japanese variant of 对対duìthan / compared to比bǐ

cold冷lěngextremely极了jí leand / with和héto warm up热rèto die死sǐ(completed / change)了leはalready既jìにto complete完成wán chéngto appear形xíngである：「extremely极了jí le」や「to die死sǐ(completed / change)了le」は「(degree marker)得de」なしでindependent独立dú lìしている。これにJapanese variant of 对対duìJapanese variant of 应応yīngするouter appearance形式xíng shìは「冷得lěng dédegree / adjective linker很hěn」である。「degree / adjective linker很hěncold冷lěng」は「degree / adjective linker很hěn」がfront前qiánにto pay付fùき、regular通常tōng chángの「very非常fēi chángに」のニュアンスであり、よりJapanese variant of 稳穏wěnやかなトーンdesiredsituation場合chǎng héでもstraight正zhèngしい。「extremely极jí」のend終端zhōng duānto emphasize (a statement)强调qiáng diào(modifier / structural particle)的deto be / is是shì「冷得lěng dédegree / adjective linker很hěn」をto use / with用yòngいるべきである。

verb动词dòng cí + (degree marker)得de(completed / change)了le / (as a resultative verb…不了bù liǎo

(completed / change)了le here is liǎo, "manage, bring off". It is a different word from the completed-action le. After a verb, (degree marker)得de(completed / change)了le asks whether the action can be carried through. (as a resultative verb…不了bù liǎo says it cannot. The block is usually practical: too much to carry, too little time, a plan that changed, or a body that will not cooperate.

to appear形xíng

Verb + (degree marker)得de(completed / change)了le / (as a resultative verb…不了bù liǎo

Put the object after the complement, or put it first as the thing you are talking about. Both are normal: I / me我wǒto write写xiě(as a resultative verb…不了bù liǎo这份zhè fènto inform报告bào gào, or 这份zhè fènto inform报告bào gàoI / me我wǒto write写xiě(as a resultative verb…不了bù liǎo. This is everyday speech. It answers "Can this be done in this situation?" cannot不能bù néng is wider. It can mark a rule, a refusal, or a general inability. Verb + (as a resultative verb…不了bù liǎo leans toward "it will not come off". The two overlap: I / me我wǒcannot不能bù néngto go去qù and I / me我wǒto go去qù(as a resultative verb…不了bù liǎo can describe the same Friday. When you mean "forbidden", cannot不能bù néng or not to allow不许bù xǔ is the clearer choice. When you mean "too much to finish", or "the conditions will not allow it", (as a resultative verb…不了bù liǎo is especially natural.

例文lì wén

data数据shù jùstill / also还háinot / haven't没méito / arrive到dào，Friday周五zhōu wǔbefore以前yǐ qiánI / me我wǒto write写xiě(as a resultative verb…不了bù liǎo这份zhè fènto inform报告bào gào。

Shùjù hái méi dào, zhōuwǔ yǐqián wǒ xiě bù liǎo zhè fèn bàogào. The data have not arrived, so I cannot get this report written before Friday.

last bus or train末班车mò bān chē十一点shí yì diǎnto open (transitive or…开kāi，you (plural)你们nǐ men吃完饭chī wán fànstill / also还háito overtake赶gǎn(degree marker)得de(completed / change)了le(yes/no ?)吗ma？

Mòbānchē shíyī diǎn kāi, nǐmen chī wán fàn hái gǎn de liǎo ma? The last bus leaves at eleven. If you finish dinner, can you still catch it?

Japanese variant of 对対duìthan / compared to比bǐ

A past miss uses not / haven't没méi: not / haven't没méito write写xiě means "did not write". to write写xiě(as a resultative verb…不了bù liǎo asks whether the writing can be finished. Keep this (as a resultative verb…不了bù liǎo apart from the degree ending desperately serious不得了bù dé le. Degree desperately serious不得了bù dé le follows an adjective. Potential (as a resultative verb…不了bù liǎo follows a verb. In (as a resultative verb…不了bù liǎo, not不bù stays bù, because liǎo is third tone: bù liǎo.

verb动词dòng cí + to live住zhù / to open (transitive or…开kāi / variant of 出 (classifier…出chū(to come来lái)

to live住zhù, to open (transitive or…开kāi and variant of 出 (classifier…出chū(to come来lái) name the result of a verb.

to live住zhù is a firm hold or a clean stop. to remember记住jì zhù keeps something in memory. to stop停住tíng zhù brings movement to a halt. to grab hold of抓住zhuā zhù means the hand closes and holds on.

to open (transitive or…开kāi is apart, away, or open. to leave走开zǒu kāi means move away. to open打开dǎ kāi means open a door, a window or a bag. to separate分开fēn kāi means separate. After a feeling, to get over (a shock…想开xiǎng kāi means loosen the worry and look at the matter more openly. to get over (a shock…想开xiǎng kāia bit一点yì diǎn (xiǎng kāi yì diǎn) is soft spoken advice.

variant of 出 (classifier…出chū(to come来lái) means the result comes into the open. want / think / miss想xiǎng(after a verb, indicates…出来chū lái produces an idea. to see看kàn(after a verb, indicates…出来chū lái means you recognise something from clues. variant of 说说shuō(after a verb, indicates…出来chū lái means the words finally come out. Bare variant of 出 (classifier…出chū already shows that "out" result: 让出ràng chūseat座位zuò wèi (ràng chū zuòwèi) is to give up a seat. (after a verb, indicates…出来chū lái adds direction, often toward the speaker or into view. Speakers use both, and the verb makes one of them sound smoother.

to appear形xíng

Verb + to live住zhù / to open (transitive or…开kāi / variant of 出 (classifier…出chū(to come来lái)

You can place (degree marker)得de or not不bù between the verb and the result to talk about possibility: want / think / miss想xiǎngnot不bù(after a verb, indicates…出来chū lái (xiǎng bù chūlái), cannot figure out想不开xiǎng bù kāi (xiǎng bù kāi), can't remember记不住jì bú zhù. For a past result that failed, use not / haven't没méi and leave not不bù out: not / haven't没méito remember记住jì zhù means it was not retained on that occasion. can't remember记不住jì bú zhù means it cannot be retained. In can't remember记不住jì bú zhù, to live住zhù is fourth tone, so not不bù is bú: jì bú zhù. These complements are ordinary in speech and in stories.

例文lì wén

red light红灯hóng dēngone / a一yībright亮liàng，front前边qián biānto ride a bike (motorbike…骑车qí chē(modifier / structural particle)的demen and horses人马rén mǎ(bound form) up上shàngto stop停住tíng zhù，then / after然后rán hòuto get off or out of (a…下车xià chēto leave走开zǒu kāi(completed / change)了le。

Hóngdēng yí liàng, qiánbian qí chē de rén mǎshàng tíng zhù, ránhòu xià chē zǒu kāi le. The moment the light turned red, the cyclist in front stopped, then got off and moved away.

to go去qùairport机场jī chǎng(modifier / structural particle)的deroad路lù，she / her她tāwant / think / miss想xiǎng(completed / change)了ledegree / adjective linker很hěn(long) time久jiǔonly then / not until才cáiwant / think / miss想xiǎng(after a verb, indicates…出来chū lái(completed / change)了le。friend朋友péng yǒu没选上méi xuǎn shàngthat那nàclassifier for gifts…份fènto work工作gōng zuò，she / her她tāto advise劝quànhe / him他tāslowly慢慢màn mànto get over (a shock…想开xiǎng kāi。

Qù jīchǎng de lù, tā xiǎng le hěn jiǔ cái xiǎng chūlái le. Péngyou méi xuǎn shàng nà fèn gōngzuò, tā quàn tā mànman xiǎng kāi. She thought for a long time before she worked out a way to the airport. A friend had missed out on that job, and she told him to let it go in his own time.

Japanese variant of 对対duìthan / compared to比bǐ

to get over (a shock…想开xiǎng kāi and want / think / miss想xiǎng(after a verb, indicates…出来chū lái share want / think / miss想xiǎng and then split. want / think / miss想xiǎng(after a verb, indicates…出来chū lái brings something new out: a route, a plan, an answer. to get over (a shock…想开xiǎng kāi changes how you hold a result that already hurts. cannot figure out想不开xiǎng bù kāi means the person cannot let that hurt go.

verb动词dòng cí + bad坏huài(completed / change)了le

bad坏huài(completed / change)了le after an adjective or a feeling verb means the state is overwhelming: to bits, terribly. In other sentences bad坏huài can mean "bad" or "broken". In this pattern it turns the feeling up. Positive states work as well as hard ones. happy高兴gāo xìngbad坏huài(completed / change)了le means thrilled to bits.

to appear形xíng

Adjective or feeling verb + bad坏huài(completed / change)了le

Tired, hungry, anxious, scared and thrilled are typical states in front of it. That is a tendency, and the set is open: to become exhausted累坏lèi huài(completed / change)了le (lèi huài le), 饿坏è huài(completed / change)了le (è huài le), 急坏jí huài(completed / change)了le (jí huài le), happy高兴gāo xìngbad坏huài(completed / change)了le (gāoxìng huài le). The (completed / change)了le here is le, the change particle, and it is liǎo in the (degree marker)得de(completed / change)了le / (as a resultative verb…不了bù liǎo pattern above. The tone is everyday speech, messages and stories. A formal report more often uses very非常fēi cháng or very十分shí fēn. That is a style choice. happy高兴gāo xìngbad坏huài(completed / change)了le still belongs in a personal story.

例文lì wén

younger brother弟弟dì dito receive (letter etc)接到jiē dàoto be interviewed (as a…面试miàn shìto notify通知tōng zhī，happy高兴gāo xìngbad坏huài(completed / change)了le，at / in在zàidrawing room (room for…客厅kè tīngli, ancient measure of…里lǐ走来走去zǒu lái zǒu qù。

Dìdi jiē dào miànshì tōngzhī, gāoxìng huài le, zài kètīng lǐ zǒu lái zǒu qù. When my younger brother got the interview notice, he was thrilled to bits and paced around the living room.

passport护照hù zhào放错fàng cuò(completed / change)了learea地方dì fāng，to set off出发chū fāfront前qiáneveryone大家dà jiā急坏jí huài(completed / change)了le。

Hùzhào fàng cuò le dìfang, chūfā qián dàjiā jí huài le. The passport had been put in the wrong place, and everyone was frantic before departure.

Japanese variant of 对対duìthan / compared to比bǐ

verb動詞dòng cíのback後hòuに「bad坏huài(completed / change)了le」がつくと、regular通常tōng chángはphysics物理wù lǐ(modifier / structural particle)的deなto become damaged破損pò sǔnをmeaning意味yì wèiします。「cell phone手机shǒu jīto drop and break摔坏shuāi huài(completed / change)了le」はスマホがto fall or drop落luòちたことでJapanese variant of 坏壊huàiれたことをto show示shìし、「cow's milk牛奶niú nǎi放坏fàng huài(completed / change)了le」は牛乳niú rǔがdecay腐fǔったことをto show示shìします。「bad坏huài(completed / change)了le」のfront前qiánにある言葉yán yèをJapanese variant of 读読dúみto take取qǔってください。emotion感情gǎn qíngをwatch (timepiece)表biǎoすto tell to語yǔはextreme極端jí duānなdegree程度chéng dùをfinger指zhǐし、movement動作dòng zuò（「to throw down摔shuāi」「to smash砸zá」「to put放fàng」など）はto become damaged破損pò sǔnをfinger指zhǐします。どちらのパターンもstraight正zhèngしいChina中国zhōng guóto tell to語yǔであり、different異yìなるto question質問zhì wènにto answer答dáえます。

verb動詞dòng cí + (ongoing -ing)着zhe (zháo)

outcome結果jié guǒcomplement (grammar)補語bǔ yǔの「(ongoing -ing)着zhe」は zháo で(prefix indicating ordinal…第dì2sound声shēngです。これはmovement動作dòng zuòがreally的確de quèにat or in the very same...当dāngたったことをmeaning意味yì wèiします。「to fall asleep睡着shuì zháo」はto sleep眠miánりが(bound form) to visit訪fǎngれたこと、「to try to find找zhǎo(ongoing -ing)着zhe」はto explore探tànしat or in the very same...当dāngてたこと、「to buy买mǎi(ongoing -ing)着zhe」はhand手shǒuにto enter入rùれたことをto show示shìします。maybe / possible可能kě néngto show表現biǎo xiànとして「(degree marker)得de(ongoing -ing)着zhe」と「not不bù(ongoing -ing)着zhe」があります。状態zhuàng tàiparticle (grammatical)助詞zhù cíの「(ongoing -ing)着zhe」は zhe でthe medial (vowel or…中声zhōng shēngです。Japanese variant of 继継jìJapanese variant of 续続xùする状態zhuàng tàiやbackground背景bèi jǐngとなるJapanese variant of 样様yàng(noun suffix)子ziをwatch (timepiece)表biǎoし、「门开mén kāi(ongoing -ing)着zhe」のようにドアがto open (transitive or…開kāiいたままの状態zhuàng tàiをto show示shìします。see 胡同同tóngじChinese character漢字hàn zìでもtwo二èrつのJapanese variant of 读読dúみsquare方fāngとtwo二èrつのforced labor役yìto cut割gēがあります。

to appear形xíng

verb動詞dòng cí + (ongoing -ing)着zhe (zháo)

A successful past result often takes le: to try to find找zhǎo(ongoing -ing)着zhe(completed / change)了le, to fall asleep睡着shuì zháo(completed / change)了le. A past miss uses not / haven't没méi + verb + (ongoing -ing)着zhe: not / haven't没méito fall asleep睡着shuì zháo, 没找méi zhǎo(ongoing -ing)着zhe. Possibility puts not不bù inside the pattern: 睡不着shuì bù zhe, to be unable to find找不着zhǎo bù zhe. Because zháo is second tone, that not不bù stays bù: to buy买mǎinot不bù(ongoing -ing)着zhe is mǎi bù zháo. Zháo-complements are very common in speech. Formal writing sometimes prefers to find找到zhǎo dào, to buy买mǎito / arrive到dào or to fall asleep入睡rù shuì. to try to find找zhǎo(ongoing -ing)着zhe is natural in a story too, and both (ongoing -ing)着zhe and to / arrive到dào are widely understood.

例文lì wén

suffix for nouns头tóuone / a一yīto suffer挨āipillow枕头zhěn tou，I / me我wǒthen / just就jiùto fall asleep睡着shuì zháo(completed / change)了le。

Tóu yì āi zhěntou, wǒ jiù shuì zháo le. suffix for nouns頭tóuをpillow枕zhěnにto install置zhìいたin an instant瞬間shùn jiān、personal私sīは寝入qǐn rùりました。

to have a power failure停电tíng diànafter以后yǐ hòu，I / me我wǒ打着dǎ zheflashlight手电shǒu diànto try to find找zhǎo(completed / change)了ledegree / adjective linker很hěn(long) time久jiǔ，or / still还是hái shì没找méi zhǎo(ongoing -ing)着zhebattery charger充电器chōng diàn qì。

Tíngdiàn yǐhòu, wǒ dǎ zhe shǒudiàn zhǎo le hěn jiǔ, háishi méi zhǎo zháo chōngdiànqì. to have a power failure停電tíng diànafter之后zhī hòu，personal私sīはJapanese variant of 怀懐huáito hit (the mark)中zhōnglightning電diànlamp灯dēngをつけてchief長zhǎngくto explore探tànしましたが、battery charger充電器chōng diàn qìはまだto appear見jiànつかりませんでした。

Japanese variant of 对対duìthan / compared to比bǐ

Japanese variant of 怀懐huáito hit (the mark)中zhōnglightning電diànlamp灯dēngのlanguage文wénでは、「打着dǎ zhe」は zhe です。to explore探tànしているgap間jiān、light光guāngはto light a lamp点灯diǎn dēngしたままです。「没找méi zhǎo(ongoing -ing)着zhe」はそのone / a一yīつのto explore探tànしにおいて zhɑo がto establish成立chéng lìしなかったことをto negate否定fǒu dìngします：then那时nà shíto try to find找zhǎonot to arrive不到bú dào。「to be unable to find找不着zhǎo bù zhe」はto appear見jiànつけることがnot不bùmaybe / possible可能kě néngであることをto show示shìします。to sleep眠miánりのto show表現biǎo xiànはthree三sānつにpart分fēnかれます。「not / haven't没méito fall asleep睡着shuì zháo」はto sleep眠miánりがto come来láiなかったこと、「睡不着shuì bù zhe」はto test試shìしている間眠jiān miánりがto come来láiないこと、「to sleep睡shuì(as a resultative verb…不了bù liǎo」はシフトがあるなどのhe / him他tāのwant / will / need要yàocause因yīnによってto sleep眠miánることができないことをto show示shìします。person人rén々はback後hòutwo二èrつをto mix up混同hùn tóngすることがあるので、障害物zhàng hài wùにvariant of 合合héうsquare方fāngをto choose選xuǎnんでください。「to buy买mǎinot不bù(ongoing -ing)着zhe」はarticles物品wù pǐnがないことをmeaning意味yì wèiすることがmany多duōく、「to buy买mǎi(as a resultative verb…不了bù liǎo」は購入gòu rùaction行為xíng wèiそのものができないことをmeaning意味yì wèiします。shed棚péngがempty / sky空kōngでおgold金jīnもないsituation場合chǎng hé、どちらのlanguage文wénもto hear聞wénこえることがあります。

to practice練習liàn xí — パート 1

character文字wén zìをbook書shūくか、またはcomplete完全wán quánなChina中国zhōng guóto tell to語yǔのlanguage文wénをbook書shūく。name of product品名pǐn míngがfinger指zhǐすすべてのpurpose目的mù dìto tell to語yǔとlocation場所chǎng suǒをto keep維持wéi chíすること。

1. 「crossing路口lù kǒu(modifier / structural particle)的de风大得fēng dà dédegree / adjective linker很hěn」の endings にwhat何héがto add加jiāえられていますか？ A. wind風fēngはyoung少shǎoしto force強qiángい。 B. wind風fēngはextremely極jíめてto force強qiángい。 C. strong breeze (meteorology)強風qiáng fēngはto prohibit禁止jìn zhǐされている。

2. スープがextremely極jíめてJapanese variant of 盐塩yán(of taste) hot or pungent辛xīn来说lái shuōto be / is是shì、to describe形容xíng róngword詞cí + (degree marker)得de + extreme極端jí duānな endings をto make使shǐいたいsituation場合chǎng hé、どのlanguage文wénがそれにshould該gāiat or in the very same...当dāngしますか？ A. 这汤zhè tāngsalted咸xiánextremely极了jí le。 B. 这汤zhè tāng咸得xián déto cause sb's death要命yào mìng。 C. 这汤zhè tāng(degree marker)得dedegree / adjective linker很hěnsalted咸xián。

3. 「luggage行李xíng lǐtoo太tàimany多duō，I / me我wǒto hold拿ná(as a resultative verb…不了bù liǎo」において「(completed / change)了le」はwhat何héですか？ A. le、to finish完wán(completed / change)了leしたmovement動作dòng zuò B. liǎo、movement動作dòng zuòがold variant of 处処chǔtexture理lǐできるかどうか C. question疑問yí wènword詞cí

4. friend友人yǒu rénがJapanese variant of 驿駅yìでhuge巨大jù dàなbox箱xiāngのmountain山shānと一緒yī xùに一人yī rénでいます。すべてのessential factor要素yào sùをto make使shǐってnature自然zì ránなto question質問zhì wènをone / a一yīつto do作zuòってください。 (yes/no ?)吗ma、to move (i.e. relocate…搬bān、(degree marker)得de(completed / change)了le、so much这么zhè memany多duō、you你nǐ、suitcase箱子xiāng zi、一个yí gèperson人rén

5. クラスメイトがすでにto violate犯fànしたgap間jiānto disobey違wéiいを何度hé dùもto reel silk from cocoons繰zǎoりto return (to)返fǎnしています。そのgap間jiānto disobey違wéiいについてthat彼bǐのJapanese variant of 气気qìto hold持chíちをand / with和héらげるlanguage文wénをto choose選xuǎnんでください。 A. you你nǐ(把: marks the object)把bǎthat那nàitem件jiàn错事cuò shìwant / think / miss想xiǎng(after a verb, indicates…出来chū lái(suggestion)吧ba。 B. you你nǐ(把: marks the object)把bǎthat那nàitem件jiàn错事cuò shìto get over (a shock…想开xiǎng kāi(suggestion)吧ba。 C. you你nǐ(把: marks the object)把bǎthat那nàitem件jiàn错事cuò shìto remember记住jì zhù(suggestion)吧ba。

6. 彼女bǐ nǚはついにcat猫māoの名前míng qiánをto think思sīいつきました。すべてのpart部分bù fènをto make使shǐってone / a一yīつのlanguage文wénにしてください。すべてのpart部分bù fènをto make使shǐい、cat猫māoの名前míng qiánはそのままにしてください。 (completed / change)了le、(after a verb, indicates…出来chū lái、she / her她tā、finally终于zhōng yú、want / think / miss想xiǎng、name (of a person or thing)名字míng zì、cat猫māo、(modifier / structural particle)的de

7. 他开tā kāi(ongoing -ing)着zhelamp灯dēngto try to find找zhǎo(ongoing -ing)着zhe(completed / change)了lekey钥匙yào shi（Tā kāi zhe dēng zhǎo zháo le yàoshi）において、2つの「(ongoing -ing)着zhe」のJapanese variant of 读読dúみsquare方fāngをto choose選xuǎnびなさい。sequence順序shùn xùにold variant of 从従cóngってto choose選xuǎnびなさい。 A. zhe, zháo B. zháo, zhe C. zhe, zhe

8. family家族jiā zúがホームでto wait待dàiっています。3つのlanguage文wénをbook書shūいてください。 (a) そのlocation場所chǎng suǒにいるperson人rén々はall皆jiē、very非常fēi chángにburnt焦jiāoっています。「emotion感情gǎn qíngをwatch (timepiece)表biǎoす言葉yán yè＋bad坏huài(completed / change)了le」をto make使shǐってください。ホームはそのままにしてください。 (b) that彼bǐらの子供zi gōngはseat (at banquet)座席zuò xíの(bound form) up上shàngでJapanese variant of 实実shíborder際jìに(bound form) to lie down to…寝qǐnてしまいました。outcome結果jié guǒとしてto rise起qǐきたことをwatch (timepiece)表biǎoすために「(ongoing -ing)着zhe（zháo）」をto make使shǐってください。seat (at banquet)座席zuò xíはそのままにしてください。 (c) バッグがmany多duōすぎるので、to hold持chíちきれず、このtrolleybus電車diàn chēにもJapanese variant of 乘乗chéngり(Japanese kokuji) to be…込yūめません。「(as a resultative verb…不了bù liǎo（liǎo）」をto make使shǐってください。バッグとtrolleybus電車diàn chēをそのままにしてください。

to solve (a problem)解答jiě dá — Part 1

1. B. crossing路口lù kǒu(modifier / structural particle)的de风大得fēng dà dédegree / adjective linker很hěn（Lùkǒu de fēng dà de hěn）は「see 大夫大dà」をlimit極限jí xiànまでto push推tuīしto go forward進jìnめます：to hand over交jiāoalmost差点chà diǎnのwind風fēngはものすごくto force強qiángいです。Aはわずかなdegree程度chéng dùです。Cはルールであり、このend末尾mò wěiはdegree程度chéng dùをwatch (timepiece)表biǎoしています。

2. B. 这汤zhè tāng咸得xián déto cause sb's death要命yào mìng（Zhè tāng xián de yàomìng）：スープはものすごくJapanese variant of 盐塩yán(of taste) hot or pungent辛xīnいです、to describe形容xíng róngword詞cí＋(degree marker)得de＋to cause sb's death要命yào mìngのto appear形xíngです。A. 这汤zhè tāngsalted咸xiánextremely极了jí le（Zhè tāng xián jí le）はnature自然zì ránなChina中国zhōng guóto tell to語yǔですが、「extremely极了jí le」には「(degree marker)得de」がないため、このto point out指示zhǐ shìをJapanese variant of 满満mǎnたしません。C. 这汤zhè tāng(degree marker)得dedegree / adjective linker很hěnsalted咸xián（Zhè tāng de hěn xián）は「(degree marker)得de」のposition位置wèi zhìがgap間jiānto disobey違wéiっています。

3. B. luggage行李xíng lǐtoo太tàimany多duō，I / me我wǒto hold拿ná(as a resultative verb…不了bù liǎo（Xíngli tài duō, wǒ ná bù liǎo）。山積shān jīみになった荷物hé wùは一人yī rénではto hold持chíちきれないため、「(completed / change)了le」は「liǎo」です。to finish完wán(completed / change)了leしたaction行為xíng wèiならto leave別biéのlanguage文wénで「le」をto make使shǐうでしょうし、(verb suffix)過去guò qùにto hold持chíちto escape逃táoしたsituation場合chǎng héは「not / haven't没méito hold拿ná」になります。ここではquestion疑問yí wènword詞cíはありません。

4. so much这么zhè memany多duōsuitcase箱子xiāng zi，you你nǐ一个yí gèperson人rénto move (i.e. relocate…搬bān(degree marker)得de(completed / change)了le(yes/no ?)吗ma？ (Zhème duō xiāngzi, nǐ yí gè rén bān de liǎo ma?) With this many boxes, can you move them on your own? Also natural: you你nǐ一个yí gèperson人rénto move (i.e. relocate…搬bān(degree marker)得de(completed / change)了leso much这么zhè memany多duōsuitcase箱子xiāng zi(yes/no ?)吗ma？ (Nǐ yí gè rén bān de liǎo zhème duō xiāngzi ma?) Both keep so much这么zhè memany多duōsuitcase箱子xiāng zi. (measure word)个gè is fourth tone, so one / a一yī is yí.

5. B. you你nǐ(把: marks the object)把bǎthat那nàitem件jiàn错事cuò shìto get over (a shock…想开xiǎng kāi(suggestion)吧ba（Nǐ bǎ nà jiàn cuòshì xiǎng kāi ba）は、その(experienced action marker)過guòちについてJapanese variant of 气気qìto hold持chíちをslow緩huǎnめるようurgent促cùしています。Aはそれをnew新xīnしいアイデアのようにto be born生shēngみvariant of 出 (classifier…出chūすようto search尋xúnねています。Cはto remember記憶jì yìにold variant of 留留liúめるようto seek求qiúめています。(experienced action marker)過guòちはすでにあり、そこからJapanese variant of 拔抜báけvariant of 出 (classifier…出chūさないようにすることがpurpose目的mù dìです。

6. she / her她tāfinally终于zhōng yúwant / think / miss想xiǎng(after a verb, indicates…出来chū lái(completed / change)了lecat猫māo(modifier / structural particle)的dename (of a person or thing)名字míng zì。（Tā zhōngyú xiǎng chūlái le māo de míngzi.）彼女bǐ nǚはついにcat猫māoの名前míng qiánをto think思sīいつきました。see 胡同同tóngJapanese variant of 样様yàngにnature自然zì ránなto show表現biǎo xiàn：cat猫māo(modifier / structural particle)的dename (of a person or thing)名字míng zì，she / her她tāfinally终于zhōng yúwant / think / miss想xiǎng(after a verb, indicates…出来chū lái(completed / change)了le。（Māo de míngzi, tā zhōngyú xiǎng chūlái le.）どちらも「cat猫māo(modifier / structural particle)的dename (of a person or thing)名字míng zì」をto keep保持bǎo chíします。「she / her她tā(modifier / structural particle)的decat猫māo」は「彼女bǐ nǚのcat猫māo」をmeaning意味yì wèiし、language文wénがnecessary必要bì yàoとする名前míng qiánをto decrease損sǔnねてしまいます。「want / think / miss想xiǎng(after a verb, indicates…出来chū lái」は名前míng qiánがto be born生shēngみvariant of 出 (classifier…出chūされたことをto show示shìします。

7. A. 他开tā kāi(ongoing -ing)着zhelamp灯dēngto try to find找zhǎo(ongoing -ing)着zhe(completed / change)了lekey钥匙yào shi（Tā kāi zhe dēng zhǎo zháo le yàoshi）：that彼bǐはlighting照明zhào míngをつけたままkey (on a piano or computer…鍵jiànをto appear見jiànつけました。「开着kāi zhe」は「kāi zhe」、background背景bèi jǐngにある状態zhuàng tàiです。「to try to find找zhǎo(ongoing -ing)着zhe」は「zhǎo zháo」、to explore探索tàn suǒがsuccess成功chéng gōngしたことをto show示shìします。Bは2つのforced labor役yìto cut割gēをto enter入rùれto substitute for替tìえます。CはJapanese variant of 两両liǎngsquare方fāngを状態zhuàng tàiにしてしまいます。

8. complement (grammar)補語bǔ yǔ、person人rén々、および名付míng fùけられたlocation場所chǎng suǒまたはobject物体wù tǐがto keep維持wéi chíされているsituation場合chǎng hé、 wording（ wording ）はquestion問題wèn tíありません。 (a) platform (at a railway…站台zhàn tái(bound form) up上shàngeveryone大家dà jiāall / both都dōu急坏jí huài(completed / change)了le。（Zhàntái shàng dàjiā dōu jí huài le.）ホームにいるperson人rén々はall皆jiē、burnt焦jiāoりきっていました。「愁坏chóu huài(completed / change)了le（chóu huài le）」も「anxious（burnt焦jiāoっている）」にat or in the very same...当dāngてはまります。「to become exhausted累坏lèi huài(completed / change)了le」は疲弊pí bìをmeaning意味yì wèiするため、to seek求qiúめられているemotion感情gǎn qíngをJapanese variant of 满満mǎnたしません。 (b) they他们tā men(modifier / structural particle)的dechild孩子hái ziat / in在zàiseat座位zuò wèi(bound form) up上shàngto fall asleep睡着shuì zháo(completed / change)了le。（Tāmen de háizi zài zuòwèi shàng shuì zháo le.）that彼bǐらの子供zi gōngはseat (at banquet)座席zuò xíの(bound form) up上shàngで(bound form) to lie down to…寝qǐnてしまいました。outcome結果jié guǒがto rise起qǐきたため、language文wénは「to fall asleep睡着shuì zháo(completed / change)了le」をto make使shǐいます。「not / haven't没méito fall asleep睡着shuì zháo」や「睡不着shuì bù zhe」はto sleep眠miánりがto come来láiなかったことをmeaning意味yì wèiします。 (c) so much这么zhè me多包duō bāo，they他们tā mento hold拿ná(as a resultative verb…不了bù liǎo，also也yě(bound form) up上shàng(as a resultative verb…不了bù liǎo这趟zhè tàngtrain火车huǒ chē。（Zhème duō bāo, tāmen ná bù liǎo, yě shàng bù liǎo zhè tàng huǒchē.）バッグがmany多duōすぎてto hold持chíちきれず、このtrolleybus電車diàn chēにもJapanese variant of 乘乗chéngり(Japanese kokuji) to be…込yūめません。「luggage行李xíng lǐ（xíngli）」を「to cover包bāo」にto install置zhìきto exchange換huànえてもto construct構gòuいません。バッグと「这趟zhè tàngtrain火车huǒ chē」はJapanese variant of 两両liǎngsquare方fāngto keep保持bǎo chíしてください。「(bound form) up上shàng(as a resultative verb…不了bù liǎo」において、「not不bù」は「bù」です。なぜなら「liǎo」のfront前qiánにあるからです。

to fly飛fēi行前xíng qiánに、リンはアパートでパスポートをto explore探tànし、corridor廊lángdown下xiàをold variant of 步歩bùきvariant of 回回huíり、リストをもうfor a time一度yí dùto confirm確認què rènする。2つのcomplement (grammar)補語bǔ yǔがこのscene場面chǎng miànをvariant of 说説shuōbright明míngしている。

verb动词dòng cí + to / arrive到dào

verb動詞dòng cíのback後hòuに「to / arrive到dào」がつくと、そのmovement動作dòng zuòがoutcome結果jié guǒにto arrive至zhìることをto show示shìす。variant of 裸裸luǒのverb動詞dòng cíではto test試shìみやプロセスのみをfinger指zhǐせる。「to try to find找zhǎo」は「to explore探tànす」「to find找到zhǎo dào」は「to appear見jiànつける」「to buy买mǎi」はto buy買mǎiいにOK / to walk行xíngこうとするpossibility可能性kě néng xìngもあるが、「to buy买mǎito / arrive到dào」はsuccess成功chéng gōngしたことをmeaning意味yì wèiする。「want / think / miss想xiǎng」は「to check考kǎoえる」「to think of想到xiǎng dào」はto check考kǎoえがto arrive到来dào láiすること、「to think思sīいつく」「Japanese variant of 气気qìづく」「to look forward to期待qī dàiする」とJapanese variant of 译訳yìせる。

dialect話huàやarticle文章wén zhāngでneutral中立zhōng lì(modifier / structural particle)的deであり、outcome結果jié guǒにto arrive至zhìり(degree marker)得deるどのverb動詞dòng cíにもto be applicable適用shì yòngmaybe / possible可能kě néngである。「to walk走zǒuto / arrive到dàorail station车站chē zhàn」や「to work工作gōng zuòto / arrive到dàomidnight半夜bàn yè」のように、location場所chǎng suǒやto end終了zhōng le(concept of) time時間shí jiānをwatch (timepiece)表biǎoす「to / arrive到dào」はこのパターンにはto join together属shǔさない。

「not / haven't没méi」は(verb suffix)過去guò qùのoutcome結果jié guǒのto negate否定fǒu dìngをwatch (timepiece)表biǎoす：「not / haven't没méito find找到zhǎo dào」「没买méi mǎito / arrive到dào」「didn't expect没想到méi xiǎng dào」。「to try to find找zhǎonot to arrive不到bú dào」のように「not不bù」をto keep in the mouth含hánむsituation場合chǎng héは「できない」にtrend傾向qīng xiàngする。to be defeated失敗shī bàiしたことをto inform報告bào gàoするには「not / haven't没méito find找到zhǎo dào」をto make使shǐう。「to try to find找zhǎo(completed / change)了lehalf of the day半天bàn tiān」はto explore探tànした(concept of) time時間shí jiānがchief長zhǎngかったことをto show示shìし、success成功chéng gōngしたとは(bound form) to state述shùべていない。

to appear形xíng

verb動詞dòng cí＋「to / arrive到dào」。purpose目的mù dìto tell to語yǔは「to / arrive到dào」のback後hòuにto install置zhìかれるか、language文wénのfront前qiánhalf半bànにto install置zhìかれる。「(completed / change)了le」はしばしばoutcome結果jié guǒをnew新xīnしいinformation情報qíng bàoとしてto summon伝yúnえるforced labor役yìto cut割gēをfruit果guǒたす。

例文lì wén

key钥匙yào shiat / in在zàischoolbag书包shū bāo(modifier / structural particle)的de小口袋xiǎo kǒu dàili, ancient measure of…里lǐ，he / him他tāto try to find找zhǎo(completed / change)了le十分钟shí fēn zhōngonly then / not until才cáito find找到zhǎo dào。

key钥匙yào shiat / in在zàiknapsack背包bēi bāo(modifier / structural particle)的de小口袋xiǎo kǒu dàili, ancient measure of…里lǐ，he / him他tāto try to find找zhǎo(completed / change)了le十分钟shí fēn zhōngonly then / not until才cáito find找到zhǎo dào。key (on a piano or computer…鍵jiànはリュックサックのsmall小xiǎoさなポケットにto enter入rùっていた。that彼bǐは10分間fēn jiānto explore探tànし、ようやくto appear見jiànつけた。

I / me我wǒdidn't expect没想到méi xiǎng dàoroommate同屋tóng wūalso也yěcan / will会huìto make做zuòthis这zhè道菜dào cài。

I / me我wǒdidn't expect没想到méi xiǎng dàoroommate同屋tóng wūalso也yěcan / will会huìto make做zuòthis这zhè道菜dào cài。roommate室友shì yǒuもこのto arrange料理liào lǐをto do作zuòるとはto think思sīわなかった。

Japanese variant of 对対duìthan / compared to比bǐ

「to make做zuò(completed / change)了le」はto exercise活動huó dòngそのものを名指míng zhǐす。「to accomplish做到zuò dào(completed / change)了le」はnecessary必要bì yàoなoutcome結果jié guǒto reach (an agreement)达成dá chéngをto advocate主張zhǔ zhāngする。variant of 裸裸luǒのverb動詞dòng cíはsuccess成功chéng gōngのto have / there is有yǒunot to have無wúをto say clearly明言míng yánしない。

verb动词dòng cí + to come来lái + verb动词dòng cí + to go去qù

「to come来lái……to go去qù」のJapanese variant of 两両liǎnglean on one side側cèでJapanese variant of 单単dānsound音yīnjoint節jié(of sth) to move動dòngword詞cíをto reel silk from cocoons繰zǎoりto return (to)返fǎnす。movement動作dòng zuòがtowards往wǎngto go and return復fùしたり、Japanese variant of 续続xùくことがmany多duōく、variant of 焦躁焦燥jiāo zàoto feel感gǎnをJapanese variant of 带帯dàiびたecho響xiǎngきになる。back後hòuJapanese variant of 续続xùのoutcome結果jié guǒは許容xǔ róngされる。「找来找去zhǎo lái zhǎo qù，finally终于zhōng yúto find找到zhǎo dào(completed / change)了le」はnature自然zì ránなto show表現biǎo xiànである。

colloquial speech口語kǒu yǔ(modifier / structural particle)的deなので、outer appearance形式xíng shì(modifier / structural particle)的deなto inform報告bào gàoよりも会話huì huàやmonogatari物語wù yǔにto fit適shìしている。「to toss and turn…翻来覆去fān lái fù qù」（寝返qǐn fǎnりをto beat打dǎつ）はほぼsynonym同義語tóng yì yǔのto fix固定gù dìngJapanese variant of 对対duìである。new新xīnしいJapanese variant of 对対duìではone / a一yīつのverb動詞dòng cíをto reel silk from cocoons繰zǎoりto return (to)返fǎnす。

to appear形xíng

「at / in在zài」＋location場所chǎng suǒが文頭wén tóuにto come来láiることがある。back後hòuのjoint節jiéではまだto bloom開放kāi fàngされている状態zhuàng tàiを(bound form) to state述shùべることもできる。

例文lì wén

mama妈妈mā māat / in在zàikitchen厨房chú fángli, ancient measure of…里lǐ走来走去zǒu lái zǒu qù，one side一边yī biānto see看kàn(concept of) time时间shí jiān，one side一边yī biānto wait for等děngexpress delivery快递kuài dì。

mama妈妈mā māat / in在zàikitchen厨房chú fángli, ancient measure of…里lǐ走来走去zǒu lái zǒu qù，one side一边yī biānto see看kàn(concept of) time时间shí jiān，one side一边yī biānto wait for等děngexpress delivery快递kuài dì。mother母mǔはtyphoon台tái(nominalizer)所suǒでold variant of 步歩bùきvariant of 回回huíりながら、(concept of) time時間shí jiānをto confirm確認què rènして配達pèi dáをto wait待dàiっていた。

这篇zhè piānto write an essay作文zuò wénhe / him他tā改来改去gǎi lái gǎi qù，oneself自己zì jǐor / still还是hái shìnot不bùsatisfied满意mǎn yì。

这篇zhè piānto write an essay作文zuò wénhe / him他tā改来改去gǎi lái gǎi qù，oneself自己zì jǐor / still还是hái shìnot不bùsatisfied满意mǎn yì。that彼bǐは(bound form) self自zìpart分fēnのこのto write an essay作文zuò wénを何度hé dùもbook書shūきstraight直zhíし、Japanese variant of 满満mǎn(bound form) foot足zúしていなかった。

Japanese variant of 对対duìthan / compared to比bǐ

「to walk走zǒu(completed / change)了leto walk走zǒu」はshort短duǎnい。「走来走去zǒu lái zǒu qù」にはto decide決juéまったJapanese variant of 经経jīngroad路lùがない。「want / think / miss想xiǎng(completed / change)了lewant / think / miss想xiǎng」はone instant一瞬yī shùn。「想来想去xiǎng lái xiǎng qù」はJapanese variant of 续続xùく。「to / arrive到dào」はoutcome結果jié guǒをto advocate主張zhǔ zhāngし、「to come来lái……to go去qù」はcontrary反fǎnto go and return復fùをto show示shìす。Japanese variant of 两両liǎng(after a verb or adjective)…者zhěはto form組zǔみvariant of 合合héわせられる。

to practice練習liàn xí — Part 2

1. The keys are already in Lin's hand. Choose the message that fits.

A. I / me我wǒat / in在zàito try to find找zhǎokey钥匙yào shi。 B. I / me我wǒto find找到zhǎo dàokey钥匙yào shi(completed / change)了le。 C. I / me我wǒto try to find找zhǎo(completed / change)了leto try to find找zhǎokey钥匙yào shi。

2. yesterday昨天zuó tiānto line up排队pái duìtoo太tàilong长cháng(completed / change)了le。he / him他tātonight今晚jīn wǎnstill / also还háinot / haven't没méito buy买mǎito / arrive到dàoticket票piào。to use / with用yòng“not / haven't没méi”and / with和héoutcome结果jié guǒcomplement (grammar)补语bǔ yǔ“to buy买mǎito / arrive到dào”to complete完成wán chéngsentence句子jù zi，to keep保留bǎo liúobject (grammar)宾语bīn yǔ。

yesterday昨天zuó tiānto line up排队pái duì(modifier / structural particle)的de人太多rén tài duō，he / him他tā________tonight今晚jīn wǎn(modifier / structural particle)的deticket票piào。

3. to desire将jiāngfollowing下列xià lièfragment (of speech etc)片段piàn duànto form组成zǔ chéng一个yí gèsentence句子jù zi。to keep保留bǎo liúall所有suǒ yǒufragment (of speech etc)片段piàn duàn。place地点dì diǎnnoun名词míng cí前加qián jiā“at / in在zài”，“to buy买mǎito / arrive到dào(completed / change)了le”放在fàng zàiChinese character…字典zì diǎnafter之后zhī hòu。

finally终于zhōng yú / 小李xiǎo lǐ / that那nà本词典běn cí diǎn / at / in在zài / to buy买mǎito / arrive到dào(completed / change)了le / 旧书店jiù shū diàn

4. to be interviewed (as a…面试miàn shìfurthermore还有hái yǒu一个yí gèhour小时xiǎo shí。he / him他tāat / in在zàicompany公司gōng sīdoorway门口mén kǒulit. agitated sitting or…坐立不安zuò lì bù ān。to select选择xuǎn zé最合适zuì hé shì(modifier / structural particle)的desentence句子jù zi。

A. he / him他tāat / in在zàicompany公司gōng sīdoorway门口mén kǒuto walk走zǒu(completed / change)了leto walk走zǒu。 B. he / him他tāat / in在zàicompany公司gōng sīdoorway门口mén kǒu走来走去zǒu lái zǒu qù。 C. he / him他tāto walk走zǒuto / arrive到dào(completed / change)了lecompany公司gōng sīdoorway门口mén kǒu。

5. to form组成zǔ chéng一个yí gèsentence句子jù zi。每个měi gèfragment (of speech etc)片段piàn duàn只用zhǐ yòngfirst一次yī cì。to use以yǐ“she / her她tā”beginning开头kāi tóu，“hair发fā”the back后面hòu miànto follow immediately…紧接jǐn jiē“那封nà fēngmail邮件yóu jiàn”，final最后zuì hòuto use以yǐ“没把握méi bǎ wò”ending结尾jié wěi。

or / still还是hái shì / 想来想去xiǎng lái xiǎng qù / want / will / need要yàodon't不要bú yàohair发fā / she / her她tā / 那封nà fēngmail邮件yóu jiàn / 没把握méi bǎ wò

6. to write写xiě一个yí gèsentence句子jù zi。you你nǐ(modifier / structural particle)的deroommate室友shì yǒuat / in在zàidormitory宿舍sù shèli, ancient measure of…里lǐeverywhere到处dào chùto try to find找zhǎobattery charger充电器chōng diàn qì，from beginning to end始终shǐ zhōngto try to find找zhǎonot to arrive不到bú dào。to use使用shǐ yòng“找来找去zhǎo lái zhǎo qù”and / with和hé“not / haven't没méito find找到zhǎo dào”。to keep保留bǎo liú“dormitory宿舍sù shè”and / with和hé“battery charger充电器chōng diàn qì”。

to solve (a problem)解答jiě dá — Part 2

1. B. I / me我wǒto find找到zhǎo dàokey钥匙yào shi(completed / change)了le。Wǒ zhǎo dào yàoshi le. she / her她tāalready已经yǐ jīngto get拿到ná dào(completed / change)了lekey钥匙yào shi，so / therefore所以suǒ yǐoutcome结果jié guǒalready已经yǐ jīngdefinite确定què dìng。A seemingly看起来kàn qǐ láiold variant of 话话huànot / haven't没méi说完shuō wán。C merely只是zhǐ shìof short duration短暂duǎn zàn(modifier / structural particle)的deto try尝试cháng shì。

2. 没买méi mǎito / arrive到dào。yesterday昨天zuó tiānto line up排队pái duì(modifier / structural particle)的de人太多rén tài duō，he / him他tānot / haven't没méito buy买mǎito / arrive到dàotonight今晚jīn wǎn(modifier / structural particle)的deticket票piào。Zuótiān páiduì de rén tài duō, tā méi mǎi dào jīnwǎn de piào. complement (grammar)补语bǔ yǔ“to buy买mǎito / arrive到dào”plus加上jiā shàng否定词fǒu dìng cí“not / haven't没méi”，to express / indicate表示biǎo shìcannot未能wèi néngto reach (an agreement)达成dá chéngshould该gāioutcome结果jié guǒ，“tonight今晚jīn wǎn(modifier / structural particle)的deticket票piào”to keep保留bǎo liúfor为wèiobject (grammar)宾语bīn yǔ。

3. 小李xiǎo lǐfinally终于zhōng yúat / in在zài旧书店jiù shū diànto buy买mǎito / arrive到dào(completed / change)了lethat那nà本词典běn cí diǎn。Xiǎo Lǐ zhōngyú zài jiù shūdiàn mǎi dào le nà běn cídiǎn. “at / in在zài旧书店jiù shū diàn”to be / is是shìplace地点dì diǎn，“that那nà本词典běn cí diǎn”to be / is是shìobject (grammar)宾语bīn yǔ。“finally终于zhōng yú”also也yěcan / may可以kě yǐ放在fàng zài“to buy买mǎito / arrive到dào(completed / change)了le”before之前zhī qián：small小xiǎo李在lǐ zài旧书店jiù shū diànfinally终于zhōng yúto buy买mǎito / arrive到dào(completed / change)了lethat那nà本词典běn cí diǎn。Xiǎo Lǐ zài jiù shūdiàn zhōngyú mǎi dào le nà běn cídiǎn。

4. B. he / him他tāat / in在zàicompany公司gōng sīdoorway门口mén kǒu走来走去zǒu lái zǒu qù。Tā zài gōngsī ménkǒu zǒu lái zǒu qù. at / in在zàicompany公司gōng sīdoorway门口mén kǒuto make a round trip来回lái huíto walk around走动zǒu dòng，to show表现biǎo xiànvariant of 出 (classifier…出chūunpeaceful不安bù ānmaybe或huòto pace back and forth徘徊pái huái(modifier / structural particle)的decondition状态zhuàng tài。A excessively过于guò yúbrief (statement, summary…简短jiǎn duǎn。C to express / indicate表示biǎo shìto reach到达dào dá。

5. she / her她tā想来想去xiǎng lái xiǎng qù，want / will / need要yàodon't不要bú yào发那封fā nà fēngmail邮件yóu jiàn，or / still还是hái shì没把握méi bǎ wò。Tā xiǎng lái xiǎng qù, yào bú yào fā nà fēng yóujiàn, hái shi méi bǎwò. “想来想去xiǎng lái xiǎng qù”to express / indicate表示biǎo shìrepeatedly反复fǎn fùto reflect on思考sī kǎo，but但dànstill依然yī ránto lack缺乏quē fáto grasp (also fig.)把握bǎ wò。“not不bù”at / in在zàifourth tone in Mandarin第四声dì sì shēngletter字zì“want / will / need要yào”front前qiánto happen发生fā shēngtone sandhi变调biàn diào读作dú zuò bú。to seem若ruò“or / still还是hái shì”to decorate修饰xiū shìahead前面qián miàn(modifier / structural particle)的deto reflect on思考sī kǎocourse of events过程guò chéng，sentence句子jù zialso也yěcan / may可以kě yǐto be / is是shì：she / her她tāor / still还是hái shì想来想去xiǎng lái xiǎng qù，want / will / need要yàodon't不要bú yào发那封fā nà fēngmail邮件yóu jiàn，没把握méi bǎ wò。Tā hái shi xiǎng lái xiǎng qù, yào bú yào fā nà fēng yóujiàn, méi bǎwò。

6. roommate室友shì yǒuat / in在zàidormitory宿舍sù shèli, ancient measure of…里lǐ找来找去zhǎo lái zhǎo qù，or / still还是hái shìnot / haven't没méito find找到zhǎo dàobattery charger充电器chōng diàn qì。Shìyǒu zài sùshè lǐ zhǎo lái zhǎo qù, hái shi méi zhǎo dào chōngdiànqì. to express / indicate表示biǎo shìrepeatedly反复fǎn fùto seek寻找xún zhǎobut但dànto fail to eventuate未果wèi guǒ。“dormitory宿舍sù shè”and / with和hé“battery charger充电器chōng diàn qì”one's conduct作为zuò wéicontext语境yǔ jìngessential factor要素yào sùto keep保留bǎo liú。also也yěcan / may可以kě yǐto use / with用yòng“he / him他tā”to do作zuòsubject (in grammar)主语zhǔ yǔ：he / him他tāat / in在zàidormitory宿舍sù shèli, ancient measure of…里lǐ找来找去zhǎo lái zhǎo qù，not / haven't没méito find找到zhǎo dàobattery charger充电器chōng diàn qì。Tā zài sùshè lǐ zhǎo lái zhǎo qù, méi zhǎo dào chōngdiànqì。