English Grammar · B2 · ⁨Tata Bahasa Bahasa Inggris · B2⁩

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1 Narrative tenses · ⁨Tenses naratif⁩
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1.1
Simple Past dan Past Continuous

English

When telling stories, English uses a set of narrative tenses in combination. The most basic two are:

Simple Past: The main actions that advance the plot (one after another).

Past Continuous: Setting the background, describing what was happening at that time.

（冠词）The 太阳sun （过去进行）was 照耀shining 当...时when 我们we 出发left.

We set off while the sun was shining brightly. (Background + main action)

她She （过去进行）was 做饭cooking 当...时when （冠词）the 电话phone 响了rang.

Her phone rang while she was cooking.

Note A long background action uses the past continuous (was cooking); a short action interrupting it uses the simple past (rang).

Bahasa Indonesia

Saat bercerita, bahasa Inggris menggunakan satu set tenses naratif (narrative tenses) yang digunakan bersamaan. Dua yang paling mendasar adalah:

Simple Past: Aksi utama yang memajukan cerita (berurutan satu per satu).

Past Continuous: Membangun latar belakang, menggambarkan apa yang sedang berlangsung saat itu.

（冠词）The 太阳sun （过去进行）was 照耀shining 当...时when 我们we 出发left.

Saat kami berangkat, matahari sedang bersinar terang. (Latar belakang + aksi utama)

她She （过去进行）was 做饭cooking 当...时when （冠词）the 电话phone 响了rang.

Telepon berbunyi saat dia sedang memasak.

Perhatian Aksi latar belakang yang panjang menggunakan past continuous (was cooking); aksi pendek yang mengganggunya menggunakan simple past (rang).
1.2
Past Perfect untuk Masa Lalu yang Lebih Awal

English
To indicate an action that occurred before another past action, use the past perfect (had + past participle).

当...时When 我们we 到达arrived （冠词）, the 电影film （过去完成）had 已经already 开始started.

By the time we arrived, the film had already started. (Started first, arrived later)

Combination in Narrative:

Earliest → Past Perfect (had started).

Later → Simple Past (arrived).

Background → Past Continuous (was raining).

Note These three tenses combined clearly convey the timeline of a story.

Bahasa Indonesia
Ketika perlu menyatakan bahwa sebuah tindakan terjadi sebelum tindakan masa lalu lainnya, gunakan past perfect tense (had + past participle).

当...时When 我们we 到达arrived （冠词）, the 电影film （过去完成）had 已经already 开始started.

Saat kami tiba, film sudah mulai tayang. (Pertama tayang, baru kemudian tiba)

Kombinasi dalam Narasi:

Paling awal → Past perfect tense (had started).

Selanjutnya → Simple past tense (arrived).

Latar belakang → Past continuous tense (was raining).

Catatan: Ketiga tenses ini bersama-sama dapat menjelaskan lapisan waktu dalam sebuah cerita dengan jelas.
1.3
Past Perfect Continuous

English
The past perfect continuous (had been + V-ing) emphasizes an action that continued up until a specific point in the past.

她She （过去）was 累tired 因为because 她she （过去完成）had （进行）been 工作working 一整天all day.

She was tired because she had been working all day.

Difference from Past Perfect:

Past Perfect Continuous: Emphasizes the continuous process / duration (had been working — kept doing it).

Past Perfect: Emphasizes completion / result (had finished — got it done).

Note Stative verbs (know, be) do not take the continuous form: use had known, not ~~had been knowing~~.

Common Errors

❌ ~~When the phone rang, she cooked dinner.~~ (Meaning: "was cooking") → ✓ …she was cooking dinner. — Using simple past implies she started cooking after the phone rang.

❌ ~~While I walked home, I was meeting a friend.~~ → ✓ While I was walking home, I met a friend. — Long background actions use continuous tense; short actions use simple past. Do not reverse this.

❌ ~~She had finished the report, then she had sent it.~~ → ✓ She finished the report, then sent it. — When narrating in chronological order, simple past is sufficient; past perfect is only used to look back at an earlier event.

❌ ~~It was the first time I saw snow.~~ → ✓ It was the first time I had seen snow. — "First time" in past narration requires past perfect.

Bahasa Indonesia
Past perfect continuous (had been + V-ing) menekankan tindakan yang berlangsung terus-menerus sebelum titik waktu tertentu di masa lalu.

她She （过去）was 累tired 因为because 她she （过去完成）had （进行）been 工作working 一整天all day.

Dia sangat lelah, karena dia telah bekerja sepanjang hari.

Perbedaan dengan Past Perfect Tense:

Past perfect continuous: menekankan proses berkelanjutan / durasi (had been working — terus bekerja).

Past perfect: menekankan penyelesaian / hasil (had finished — selesai dikerjakan).

Perhatian Kata kerja状态 (know, be) tidak menggunakan bentuk continuous: gunakan had known, jangan ~~had been knowing~~.

Kesalahan Umum

❌ ~~When the phone rang, she cooked dinner.~~ (maksud ingin bilang "sedang memasak") → ✓ …she was cooking dinner. — Menggunakan simple past akan mengubah maknanya menjadi "dia mulai memasak setelah telepon berbunyi".

❌ ~~While I walked home, I was meeting a friend.~~ → ✓ While I was walking home, I met a friend. — Tindakan latar belakang yang panjang menggunakan continuous, tindakan pendek menggunakan past tense, jangan dibalik.

❌ ~~She had finished the report, then she had sent it.~~ → ✓ She finished the report, then sent it. — Saat menceritakan urutan kejadian, Simple Past sudah cukup; Past Perfect hanya digunakan untuk "mengembalikan cerita ke masa lalu".

❌ ~~It was the first time I saw snow.~~ → ✓ It was the first time I had seen snow. — Kata "pertama kali" dalam narasi masa lalu menggunakan Past Perfect.
2 Future continuous and perfect · ⁨Future continuous dan perfect⁩
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2.1
Future Continuous (akan sedang berlangsung)

English

Future Continuous indicates an action that will be in progress at a specific moment in the future.

Structure: will be + 动词-ing

这个时候This time 明天tomorrow 我, I 将will （进行）be 飞flying 去to 巴黎Paris.

At this time tomorrow, I will be flying to Paris.

不要Don't 打电话call 在at 八点eight 我们; we 将will （进行）be 吃having 晚饭dinner.

Don't call at eight; we'll be having dinner then.

Note: It is also frequently used to politely ask about someone's plans: Will you be using the car tonight?

Bahasa Indonesia

Future continuous menunjukkan tindakan yang sedang berlangsung pada suatu waktu di masa depan.

Struktur: will be + 动词-ing

这个时候This time 明天tomorrow 我, I 将will （进行）be 飞flying 去to 巴黎Paris.

Pukul besok ini, saya akan berada di pesawat menuju Paris.

不要Don't 打电话call 在at 八点eight 我们; we 将will （进行）be 吃having 晚饭dinner.

Jangan telepon jam delapan, kita sedang makan malam saat itu.

Perhatian juga sering digunakan untuk bertanya dengan sopan tentang rencana seseorang: Will you be using the car tonight?(Apakah Anda akan menggunakan mobil malam ini?)
2.2
Future Perfect (akan telah selesai)

English
Future Perfect indicates an action that will be completed before a specific moment in the future.

Structure: will have + 过去分词, often used with by + future time.

到...时By 明年next year 我, I 将will （完成）have 完成finished 我的my 学业studies.

By next year, I will have graduated.

他们They 将will （完成）have 离开left 在...之前by ...时候the time 你you 到达arrive.

They will have left by the time you arrive.

Note: Common collocation by + time point (e.g., by 2030, by then, by the time…), meaning "by that time."

Common Errors

❌ ~~By 2030, I will finish my degree.~~ → ✓ By 2030, I will have finished my degree. — "by + future time" is a strong signal for future perfect.

❌ ~~This time tomorrow I will fly to Paris.~~ → ✓ …I will be flying to Paris. — "Action in progress at a future moment" uses will be + -ing; will fly merely states a decision.

❌ ~~I will have finish it by Friday.~~ → ✓ I will have finished it. — Past participle follows will have.

❌ ~~When you will arrive, I will have cooked dinner.~~ → ✓ When you arrive, I will have cooked dinner. — Time clauses still take simple present; no exceptions even with advanced main clauses.

Bahasa Indonesia
Future perfect menunjukkan tindakan yang telah selesai sebelum suatu waktu di masa depan.

Struktur: will have + 过去分词, sering digunakan bersama by + waktu di masa depan.

到...时By 明年next year 我, I 将will （完成）have 完成finished 我的my 学业studies.

Pada tahun depan, saya akan telah menyelesaikan pendidikan.

他们They 将will （完成）have 离开left 在...之前by ...时候the time 你you 到达arrive.

Saat kamu tiba, mereka sudah pergi.

Perhatian frasa umum by + titik waktu(by 2030, by then, by the time …), berarti "sampai saat itu".

Kesalahan Umum

❌ ~~By 2030, I will finish my degree.~~ → ✓ By 2030, I will have finished my degree. — by + waktu di masa depan adalah sinyal kuat untuk Future Perfect.

❌ ~~This time tomorrow I will fly to Paris.~~ → ✓ …I will be flying to Paris. — "Sedang berlangsung pada suatu waktu di masa depan" menggunakan will be + -ing; will fly hanyalah pernyataan keputusan.

❌ ~~I will have finish it by Friday.~~ → ✓ I will have finished it. — Setelah will have harus berupa Participle II.

❌ ~~When you will arrive, I will have cooked dinner.~~ → ✓ When you arrive, I will have cooked dinner. — Kalimat waktu tetap menggunakan Simple Present, tidak terkecuali bahkan jika kalimat utamanya lebih kompleks.
3 Third and mixed conditionals · ⁨Conditional ketiga dan campuran⁩
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3.1
Kalimat Kondisional Ketiga

English

Third Conditional discusses the past—an unreal assumption and its hypothetical result.

Structure: If + 过去完成时, would have + 过去分词

如果If 我I （过去完成）had 学习studied 我, I 会would （完成）have 通过passed.

If I had studied, I would have passed. (But I didn't study, and I didn't pass)

Note: It expresses a hypothesis contrary to past facts; often conveys regret or blame. Abbreviations: I'd have, would've.

Bahasa Indonesia

Third conditional membahas tentang masa lalu—asumsi yang tidak terjadi, serta akibat yang seharusnya terjadi.

Struktur: If + 过去完成时, would have + 过去分词

如果If 我I （过去完成）had 学习studied 我, I 会would （完成）have 通过passed.

Jika saya belajar saat itu, saya pasti lulus. (Sebenarnya tidak belajar dan tidak lulus)

Perhatian ini menunjukkan asumsi berlawanan dengan fakta masa lalu; sering mengandung penyesalan atau tuduhan. Singkatan: I'd have, would've.

3.2
Mixed Conditionals

English
Mixed Conditional mixes different times. The most common type is: Past cause → Present result.

Structure: If + 过去完成时, would + 动词原形

如果If 我I （过去完成）had 存saved 钱money 我, I 会would （是）be 富有rich 现在now.

If I had saved money, I would be rich now. (Past cause, present result)

Note: Use would + base verb in the main clause (referring to present), not would have (which refers to the past).

Bahasa Indonesia
Mixed conditional menggabungkan waktu yang berbeda. Yang paling umum adalah: penyebab di masa lalu → akibat di masa sekarang.

Struktur: If + 过去完成时, would + 动词原形

如果If 我I （过去完成）had 存saved 钱money 我, I 会would （是）be 富有rich 现在now.

Jika saya menabung uang dulu, sekarang saya kaya. (Penyebab masa lalu, hasil masa kini)

Perhatian perhatikan bahwa kalimat utama menggunakan would + kata kerja dasar(merujuk pada masa sekarang), bukan would have (yang merujuk pada masa lalu).
3.3
Ringkasan Conditional Sentences

English
Comparing all four conditionals together:

Zero Conditional: If + present, present. (Universal truths)

First Conditional: If + present, will + base verb. (Real future)

Second Conditional: If + past, would + base verb. (Unreal present)

Third Conditional: If + past perfect, would have + past participle. (Unreal past)

如果If 我I 是were 你you 我, I 会would 道歉apologize.

If I were you, I would apologize. (Second conditional)

Note: Identify the tense of the if-clause: present / past / past perfect determines the conditional type.

Common Errors

❌ ~~If I would have known, I would have come.~~ → ✓ If I had known, I would have come. — Never use would in the if-clause; this is the most frequent error in spoken English (especially influenced by American TV dramas).

❌ ~~If I had studied, I would pass the exam yesterday.~~ → ✓ …I would have passed the exam. — Past results require would have + past participle.

Mixed conditionals are not "random mixing": Only logical combinations like past cause → present result (If I had saved money, I would be rich now) work correctly.

Decoding abbreviations: I'd followed by have + past participle → I'd = I would; I'd followed directly by a past participle → I'd = I had. I'd have helped (would) vs. I'd finished (had).

Bahasa Indonesia
Bandingkan keempat jenis conditional sentences:

Zero Conditional: If + Simple Present, Simple Present. (Kebenaran universal)

First Conditional: If + Simple Present, will + kata kerja dasar. (Masa depan nyata)

Second Conditional: If + Simple Past, would + kata kerja dasar. (Tidak nyata di masa sekarang)

Third Conditional: If + Past Perfect, would have + Participle II. (Tidak nyata di masa lalu)

如果If 我I 是were 你you 我, I 会would 道歉apologize.

Saya jika Anda, akan meminta maaf. (Kalimat Kondisional Kedua)

Perhatian kuncinya terletak pada tenses dalam kalimat if: Simple Present / Simple Past / Past Perfect menentukan jenis conditional mana yang digunakan.

Kesalahan Umum

❌ ~~If I would have known, I would have come.~~ → ✓ If I had known, I would have come. — Dalam kalimat if tidak pernah ada would; ini adalah kesalahan paling sering terjadi dalam percakapan lisan (terutama dipengaruhi serial Amerika).

❌ ~~If I had studied, I would pass the exam yesterday.~~ → ✓ …I would have passed the exam. — Akibat di masa lalu harus menggunakan would have + Participle II.

Mixed conditional bukanlah "campuran acak": hanya penyebab di masa lalu → akibat di masa sekarang(If I had saved money, I would be rich now) yang valid, dan logika antara kedua bagian harus saling terkait.

Dekode singkatan I'd: diikuti have + Participle II → I'd = I would; diikuti langsung oleh Participle II → I'd = I had. I'd have helped(akan) vs I'd finished(sudah).
4 wish and if only · ⁨wish dan if only⁩
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4.1
wish + Simple Past (penyesalan terhadap masa sekarang)

English

wish expresses a desire or regret. For dissatisfaction with the present, use past simple (subjunctive) after wish.

Structure: wish + 一般过去时

我I 但愿wish 我I 有had 更多more 时间time.

I wish I had more time. (But I don't)

她She 但愿wishes 她she 住lived 在by （冠词）the 海边sea.

She wishes she lived by the sea. (But she doesn't)

Note: Like the second conditional, the verb be is commonly were: I wish I were taller.

Bahasa Indonesia

wish digunakan untuk mengekspresikan harapan atau penyesalan. Ketika tidak puas dengan situasi masa sekarang, setelah wish gunakan Simple Past (subjunctive mood).

Struktur: wish + 一般过去时

我I 但愿wish 我I 有had 更多more 时间time.

Seandainya saya punya lebih banyak waktu. (Sebenarnya tidak punya)

她She 但愿wishes 她she 住lived 在by （冠词）the 海边sea.

Dia berharap tinggal di pinggir laut. (Sebenarnya tidak)

Perhatian sama seperti Second Conditional, kata kerja be biasanya menggunakan were: I wish I were taller.(Seandainya saya lebih tinggi.)
4.2
wish + Past Perfect / would

English
Two advanced usages:

Regret about the past: wish + 过去完成时 (should have… but didn't).

Dissatisfaction with others' behavior / desire for change: wish + 主语 + would.

我I 但愿wish 我I （过去完成）had 学习studied 更努力harder.

I wish I had studied harder. (Regret about the past)

我I 但愿wish 你you 会would 听listen.

I wish you could listen. (Dissatisfaction with others' behavior)

Note: if only functions like wish but with stronger emphasis: If only I had known!

Common Errors

❌ ~~I wish I have more time.~~ → ✓ I wish I had more time. — Tense must "step back" after wish.

❌ ~~I wish I studied harder last year.~~ → ✓ I wish I had studied harder last year. — Regrets about the past require past perfect.

❌ ~~I wish I would be taller.~~ → ✓ I wish I were taller. — wish + would applies only to dissatisfaction with others' behavior, never oneself.

❌ ~~I wish you will pass the exam.~~ → ✓ I hope you pass the exam. — Wishes for real possibilities use hope; wish + clause expresses "unreality" (except fixed phrases like I wish you good luck).

Bahasa Indonesia
Dua penggunaan lanjutan:

Regret terhadap masa lalu: wish + 过去完成时 (seharusnya... tetapi tidak).

Keprihatinan / harapan perubahan terhadap perilaku orang lain: wish + 主语 + would.

我I 但愿wish 我I （过去完成）had 学习studied 更努力harder.

Seandainya saya belajar lebih giat dulu. (Regret masa lalu)

我I 但愿wish 你you 会would 听listen.

Saya berharap Anda mau mendengarkan. (Keprihatinan terhadap perilaku orang lain)

Perhatian if only memiliki penggunaan yang sama dengan wish, namun nadanya lebih kuat: If only I had known!(Seandainya saya tahu dari awal!)

Kesalahan Umum

❌ ~~I wish I have more time.~~ → ✓ I wish I had more time. — Tenses setelah wish harus "mundur satu langkah".

❌ ~~I wish I studied harder last year.~~ → ✓ I wish I had studied harder last year. — Penyesalan terhadap masa lalu harus mundur ke Past Perfect.

❌ ~~I wish I would be taller.~~ → ✓ I wish I were taller. — wish + would hanya bisa digunakan untuk mengutarakan ketidakpuasan terhadap perilaku orang lain, tidak boleh digunakan untuk diri sendiri.

❌ ~~I wish you will pass the exam.~~ → ✓ I hope you pass the exam. - Harapan yang mungkin terjadi secara nyata menggunakan hope; wish + kalimat menunjukkan "berlawanan dengan fakta" (kecuali ucapan selamat tetap I wish you good luck).

5 Advanced passive · ⁨Passive advanced⁩

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5.1

Passive Voice dalam Various Tenses

English

The passive voice can be used in any tense—simply change the form of be, which is always followed by a past participle.

Tense	Passive Structure
Present Simple	am / is / are + past participle
Past Simple	was / were + past participle
Present Perfect	has / have been + past participle
Future	will be + past participle
Modal	can / must be + past participle

（冠词）The 桥bridge （完成）has （被动）been 修理repaired.

This bridge has already been repaired. (Present Perfect Passive)

（冠词）The 工作work 将will （被动）be 完成done 很快soon.

The work will soon be completed. (Future Passive)

Note: Regardless of the tense, the core of the passive structure is always be (changing) + past participle (unchanged).

Bahasa Indonesia

Passive voice dapat digunakan pada semua tenses—selama mengubah bentuk be, kemudian selalu diikuti oleh Participle II.

Tense	Struktur Pasif
Simple Present	am / is / are + Participle II
Simple Past	was / were + Participle II
Present Perfect	has / have been + Participle II
Future	will be + Participle II
Modal	can / must be + Participle II

（冠词）The 桥bridge （完成）has （被动）been 修理repaired.

Jembatan ini sudah dibangun. (Present Perfect Passive)

（冠词）The 工作work 将will （被动）be 完成done 很快soon.

Kerja-kerja akan segera diselesaikan. (Future Passive)

Perhatian terlepas dari tenses apa pun, inti dari passive voice adalah be(berubah)+ Participle II(tetap).

5.2

Passive Report (dikatakan bahwa…)

English

When reporting general opinions or rumors without specifying who said it, we often use the passive reporting structure:

It is said / believed / thought that + clause.
Subject + is said / believed to + infinitive / base verb.

（形式主语）It （被动）is 说said （连词）that 他he 是is 非常very 富有rich.

He is said to be very rich.

他He （被动）is 说said （不定式）to 是be 非常very 富有rich.

It is said that he is very rich. (Same meaning, subject moved forward)

Note: Such structures are common in news and formal writing, allowing for objective reporting of unverified information.

Common Errors

❌ ~~The bridge has repaired.~~ → ✓ The bridge has been repaired. — In the perfect passive, been is easily omitted; without been, it means "the bridge repaired something else".
❌ ~~The problem must be solve.~~ → ✓ The problem must be solved. — Modal passive = modal verb + be + past participle.
❌ ~~He is said that he is rich.~~ → ✓ It is said that he is rich. / He is said to be rich. — The two "said" structures cannot be combined.
Additional: There is also a continuous passive — am / is / are being + past participle: The road is being repaired. (The road is currently being repaired.)

Bahasa Indonesia

Ketika mengutip pendapat umum / rumor tanpa menyebutkan sumbernya, sering digunakan struktur passive reporting:

It is said / believed / thought that + kalimat.
Subjek + is said / believed to + kata kerja dasar / infinitive.

（形式主语）It （被动）is 说said （连词）that 他he 是is 非常very 富有rich.

Dikatakan bahwa dia kaya raya.

他He （被动）is 说said （不定式）to 是be 非常very 富有rich.

Dikatakan dia kaya raya. (Sinonim, subjek dipindahkan ke depan)

Catatan Struktur seperti ini umum ditemukan dalam berita dan tulisan formal, yang memungkinkan pelaporan informasi yang belum terverifikasi secara objektif.

Kesalahan Umum

❌ ~~The bridge has repaired.~~ → ✓ The bridge has been repaired. — Passive Perfect Paling mudah kehilangan been; tanpa been menjadi "jembatan memperbaiki (sesuatu yang lain)".
❌ ~~The problem must be solve.~~ → ✓ The problem must be solved. — Passive modal = kata kerja modal + be + Participle II.
❌ ~~He is said that he is rich.~~ → ✓ It is said that he is rich. / He is said to be rich. — Dua struktur "dikatakan" ini tidak boleh digabungkan.
Tambahan: Continuous juga memiliki bentuk pasif — am / is / are being + Participle II: The road is being repaired.(Jalan sedang diperbaiki.)

6 Reported questions and commands · ⁨Pertanyaan dan perintah reported⁩
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6.1
Indirect Questions

English

When reporting a question, the word order changes back to statement word order (subject + verb), and the question mark is removed.

Yes/No questions → introduced by if / whether.

Wh- questions → introduced by the original question word (what, where…).

她She 问asked 哪里where 我I 住lived.

She asked me where I lived. (Original: "Where do you live?")

他He 问asked 是否if 我I （过去）was 忙busy.

He asked me if I was busy. (Original: "Are you busy?")

Note: In indirect questions, auxiliary verbs do / does / did are not used, and there is no inversion: ~~where did I live~~ ✗ → where I lived ✓.

Bahasa Indonesia

Saat mengutip pertanyaan, susunan kata harus kembali menjadi susunan kalimat deklaratif (Subjek + Kata Kerja), dan tanda tanya dihilangkan.

Pertanyaan Yes/No → gunakan if / whether sebagai penghubung.

Pertanyaan Wh- → gunakan kata tanya aslinya(what, where…) sebagai penghubung.

她She 问asked 哪里where 我I 住lived.

Dia bertanya di mana dia tinggal. (Kalimat asli: "Where do you live?")

他He 问asked 是否if 我I （过去）was 忙busy.

Dia bertanya apakah aku sibuk. (Kalimat asli: "Are you busy?")

Perhatian Dalam kalimat tanya tidak langsung, jangan gunakan助动词 do / does / did, juga tidak ada terbalik:~~where did I live~~ ✗ → where I lived ✓。
6.2
Indirect Commands and Requests

English
When reporting a command, request, or suggestion, use tell / ask / advise + someone + (not) to + base verb.

她She 叫told 我me （不定式）to 等wait.

She told me to wait a moment. (Original: "Wait.")

他He 请asked 我me 不要not to （是）be 迟到late.

He asked me not to be late. (Original: "Please don't be late.")

Note: Negative commands use not to: asked me not to go (asked me not to go).

Common Errors

❌ ~~He asked me am I busy.~~ → ✓ He asked me if I was busy. — You cannot simply insert the original sentence; it must become if + statement word order.

❌ ~~She said me to wait.~~ → ✓ She told me to wait. — For reporting commands, use tell / ask / advise + person + to do; say cannot take this construction.

❌ ~~He told me don't be late.~~ → ✓ He told me not to be late. — Negative commands become not to; don't cannot be inserted directly into reported speech.

❌ ~~She suggested me to go home.~~ → ✓ She suggested that I (should) go home. / She suggested going home. — suggest cannot be followed by "person + to do".

Bahasa Indonesia
Saat mengulang perintah, permintaan, atau saran, gunakan tell / ask / advise + seseorang + (not) to + kata kerja dasar。

她She 叫told 我me （不定式）to 等wait.

Dia menyuruhku menunggu sebentar. (Kalimat asli: "Wait.")

他He 请asked 我me 不要not to （是）be 迟到late.

Dia meminta agar aku tidak terlambat. (Kalimat asli: "Please don't be late.")

Perhatian Perintah negatif menggunakan not to:asked me not to go(minta aku tidak pergi)。

Kesalahan Umum

❌ ~~He asked me am I busy.~~ → ✓ He asked me if I was busy. — Jangan masukkan kalimat asli secara langsung, ubah menjadi if + urutan kalimat pernyataan。

❌ ~~She said me to wait.~~ → ✓ She told me to wait. — Mengulang perintah menggunakan tell / ask / advise + orang + to do; say tidak bisa digunakan seperti ini。

❌ ~~He told me don't be late.~~ → ✓ He told me not to be late. — Perintah negatif berubah menjadi not to, don't tidak bisa dipindahkan mentah-mentah ke dalam pengulangan。

❌ ~~She suggested me to go home.~~ → ✓ She suggested that I (should) go home. / She suggested going home. — suggest tidak boleh diikuti oleh "orang + to do"。
7 Past modals · ⁨Kata modal masa lalu⁩
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7.1
must have / can't have(derajat keyakinan)

English

When speculating about the past, use modal verb + have + past participle. When you are certain:

must have + past participle: Must have been… (in the past).

can't have + past participle: Cannot have been… (in the past).

他He 一定must （完成）have 忘记forgotten.

He must have forgotten. (A definite positive speculation about the past)

她She 不可能can't （完成）have 看见seen 我们us.

She can't have seen us.

Note: Negative speculation uses can't have, not mustn't have.

Bahasa Indonesia

Saat membicarakan spekulasi tentang masa lalu, gunakan kata modal + have + participle lampau. Saat sangat yakin:

must have + participle lampau: pasti (di masa lalu)……。

can't have + participle lampau: mustahil (di masa lalu)……。

他He 一定must （完成）have 忘记forgotten.

Dia pasti lupa. (Konfirmasi deduksi kuat untuk masa lalu)

她She 不可能can't （完成）have 看见seen 我们us.

Dia tidak mungkin melihat kita.

Perhatian Spekulasi negatif menggunakan can't have, jangan gunakan mustn't have。
7.2
should have(kesal, kritik)

English
should have + past participle indicates "should have done but didn’t

我I 本该should （完成）have 学习studied 更努力harder.

I should have studied harder. (Regret)

你You 本不该shouldn't （完成）have 说said 那that.

You shouldn't have said that. (Criticism)

Note: It refers to something not done (or done) in the past that is now regretted.

Bahasa Indonesia
should have + participle lampau berarti "seharusnya…… tapi tidak dilakukan"—sering mengandung rasa menyesal atau kritik。

我I 本该should （完成）have 学习studied 更努力harder.

Seharusnya saya belajar lebih giat. (Regret)

你You 本不该shouldn't （完成）have 说said 那that.

Seharusnya kamu tidak mengucapkan kalimat itu. (Kritik)

Catatan Ini merujuk pada hal yang tidak dilakukan (atau dilakukan) di masa lalu, namun dityesali di masa kini.
7.3
could have / might have(mungkin)

English
could have / might have + past participle indicates something that was possible in the past (but not certain).

他们They 可能might （完成）have 错过missed （冠词）the 火车train.

They may have missed the train.

（它）It 本可能could （完成）have 是been 更糟worse.

Things could have been worse.

Note: could have can also mean "could have done but didn't": I could have helped, but I didn't. (I could have helped, but I didn't.)

Common Errors

❌ ~~He must forgot.~~ → ✓ He must have forgotten. — Speculation about the past requires "modal + have + past participle"; there is no form like "must forgot".

❌ ~~I should have went.~~ / Mishearing as oral speech ~~should of gone~~ → ✓ I should have gone. — After have comes the past participle; connected speech sounds like "of," but it must be written as "have."

❌ ~~I could help you yesterday, but I was busy.~~ → ✓ I could have helped you yesterday… — "Could have done" expresses "could have but didn't"; could + base verb only expresses general ability in the past.

❌ ~~You should had called.~~ → ✓ You should have called. — After a modal verb always comes the base form "have," never "had."

Bahasa Indonesia
could have / might have + participle lampau menunjukkan sesuatu yang mungkin (tetapi tidak pasti) terjadi di masa lalu。

他们They 可能might （完成）have 错过missed （冠词）the 火车train.

Mereka mungkin melewatkan kereta api.

（它）It 本可能could （完成）have 是been 更糟worse.

Kondisi seharusnya bisa lebih buruk.

Perhatian could have juga dapat berarti "bisa melakukan tetapi tidak dilakukan":I could have helped, but I didn't.(Saya sebenarnya bisa membantu, tapi tidak。)

Kesalahan Umum

❌ ~~He must forgot.~~ → ✓ He must have forgotten. — Spekulasi tentang masa lalu harus berupa "kata modal + have + participle lampau", tidak ada bentuk must forgot。

❌ ~~I should have went.~~ / Menulis salah karena mendengar ~~should of gone~~ → ✓ I should have gone. — Setelah have adalah participle lampau; dalam percakapan lisan terdengar seperti of, tapi saat ditulis harus have。

❌ ~~I could help you yesterday, but I was busy.~~ → ✓ I could have helped you yesterday… — "Sebenarnya bisa tapi tidak dilakukan" menggunakan could have done; could + kata kerja dasar hanya menunjukkan kemampuan umum di masa lalu。

❌ ~~You should had called.~~ → ✓ You should have called. — Setelah kata modal selalu menggunakan kata kerja dasar have, bukan had。
8 Relative clauses (defining and non-defining) · ⁨Kalimat relatif (penentu dan tidak penentu)⁩
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8.1
Membatasi vs Tidak Membatasi

English

Relative clauses are divided into two types, distinguished by whether the information is essential:

Restrictive (defining): Provides essential information, identifying "which one," with no comma.

Non-restrictive (non-defining): Provides extra information; removing it does not affect identification, so it is set off by commas.

（冠词）The 男人man （关系代词）who 打电话called 是is 我的my 老板boss.

The man who called is my boss. (Restrictive: identifies which man)

我的My 老板boss （关系代词）, who 是is 非常very 友善kind 打电话, called 我me.

My boss called me, and he is a very nice person. (Non-restrictive: supplementary information)

Note: A comma signals a non-restrictive clause, indicating the information is an aside.

Bahasa Indonesia

Relative clauses dibagi menjadi dua, perbedaannya terletak pada apakah informasinya sangat penting atau tidak:

Membatasi (defining): Menyediakan informasi penting, memberi tahu "yang mana", tanpa tanda koma。

Tidak Membatasi (non-defining): Menyediakan informasi tambahan, penghapusannya tidak mempengaruhi identifikasi, dipisahkan dengan tanda koma。

（冠词）The 男人man （关系代词）who 打电话called 是is 我的my 老板boss.

Pria yang menelepon adalah bos saya. (Restrictive: menentukan pria mana)

我的My 老板boss （关系代词）, who 是is 非常very 友善kind 打电话, called 我me.

Bos saya menelepon saya, dan dia sangat baik hati. (Non-restrictive: informasi tambahan)

Catatan Jika melihat tanda koma, itu menandakan non-restrictive, di mana isinya bersifat "sebagai catatan".
8.2
Tanda Koma dan which

English
There are also differences in the choice of relative pronouns between the two types of clauses:

Restrictive: Use who / that for people, which / that for things; may be omitted when functioning as an object.

Non-restrictive: Use who for people, which for things; that cannot be used, and it cannot be omitted.

这This 书book （关系代词）, which 我I 读read 去年last year 是, is 优秀excellent.

*I read this book last year, which was excellent. (Non-restrictive, use which)

Note: that is never used in non-restrictive clauses: ~~My boss, that is kind, …~~ ✗ → My boss, who is kind, … ✓.

Common Errors

❌ ~~My mother who lives in Beijing is a teacher.~~ → ✓ My mother**, who** lives in Beijing**,** is a teacher. — Unique people or things (mother, Beijing, sun) can only take non-restrictive clauses; omitting commas implies "you have several mothers".

❌ ~~He failed the exam, it made his parents angry.~~ → ✓ …the exam**, which** made his parents angry. — A comma cannot directly join two sentences; a comma plus which refers to the entire preceding situation.

❌ ~~My boss, I met yesterday, is kind.~~ → ✓ My boss, who(m) I met yesterday, is kind. — The relative pronoun in a non-restrictive clause cannot be omitted.

Commas must appear in pairs: When a clause is inserted mid-sentence, it requires commas on both sides: My boss, who is kind, called me.

Bahasa Indonesia
Kedua jenis relative clause juga memiliki perbedaan dalam pemilihan relative pronoun:

Membatasi: Orang menggunakan who / that, benda menggunakan which / that; jika berfungsi sebagai objek bisa dihilangkan。

Tidak Membatasi: Orang menggunakan who, benda menggunakan which; tidak boleh menggunakan that, tidak boleh dihilangkan。

这This 书book （关系代词）, which 我I 读read 去年last year 是, is 优秀excellent.

Buku ini pernah saya baca tahun lalu, sangat bagus. (Non-limiting, gunakan which)

Perhatian Dalam klausa non-limiting sama sekali jangan gunakan that:~~My boss, that is kind, …~~ ✗ → My boss, who is kind, … ✓。

Kesalahan Umum

❌ ~~My mother who lives in Beijing is a teacher.~~ → ✓ My mother**, who** lives in Beijing**,** is a teacher. — Orang / benda unik (ibu, Beijing, matahari) hanya boleh memiliki klausa non-limiting; tanpa tanda koma sama artinya dengan mengisyaratkan "Anda memiliki banyak ibu"。

❌ ~~He failed the exam, it made his parents angry.~~ → ✓ …the exam**, which** made his parents angry. — Tanda koma tidak bisa langsung menghubungkan dua kalimat; tanda koma + which dapat merujuk pada keseluruhan hal sebelumnya。

❌ ~~My boss, I met yesterday, is kind.~~ → ✓ My boss, who(m) I met yesterday, is kind. — Kata ganti penghubung dari klausa non-limiting tidak boleh dihilangkan。

Tanda koma harus berpasangan: ketika klausa disisipkan di tengah kalimat, keduanya harus memiliki tanda koma:My boss, who is kind, called me.
9 The causative · ⁨Sebab-akibat⁩
reference.pdf.id 2-up · ⁨2 halaman per lembar⁩
9.1
have something done

English

The causative structure expresses having someone else do something for you, rather than doing it yourself.

Structure: have + 宾语 + 过去分词

我I （使役）had 我的my 头发hair 剪cut 昨天yesterday.

I got my hair cut yesterday. (Not by myself)

我们We （be）are （使役）having 我们的our 房子house 粉刷painted.

We are getting the house painted. (By someone else)

Note: Pay attention to word order: have + object + past participle. I had my car repaired. (I sent it to be fixed) differs from I repaired my car. (I did it myself).

Bahasa Indonesia

Struktur kausatif (the causative) berarti "meminta orang lain melakukan sesuatu untuk Anda", bukan melakukannya sendiri。

Struktur: have + 宾语 + 过去分词

我I （使役）had 我的my 头发hair 剪cut 昨天yesterday.

Saya baru saja memotong rambut (dipotong oleh penata rambut). (Bukan memotong sendiri)

我们We （be）are （使役）having 我们的our 房子house 粉刷painted.

Kami sedang mengecat rumah (meminta orang lain mengecat).

Perhatian Perhatikan urutan kata:have + benda + participle lampau。I had my car repaired.(Saya membawa mobilnya diperbaiki.) dan I repaired my car.(Saya perbaiki sendiri.) memiliki arti berbeda。
9.2
get something done

English
get + object + past participle functions similarly to have, but is more informal.

我I 需要need to （使役）get 我的my 手机phone 修理fixed.

*I need to get my phone repaired.

她She （使役）got 她的her 照片photo 拍taken.

She got a photo taken. (By someone else)

Note: In causative structures, have and get are largely interchangeable; get carries a more casual, conversational tone.

Common Errors

❌ ~~I cut my hair yesterday.~~ (Actually at the salon) → ✓ I had my hair cut yesterday. — Using the active voice implies you cut it yourself with scissors.

❌ Incorrect word order: ~~I had cut my hair~~ is the past perfect tense ("I had already cut it before then"), not causative; the causative form is have + object + past participle: I had my hair cut.

❌ ~~I had my hair cutted.~~ → ✓ …cut. — The past participle in the causative structure must also be correct: cut–cut–cut remains unchanged.

To ask someone to do it: have + person + base form, get + person + to do: I'll have John fix it. / I'll get John to fix it.

Bahasa Indonesia
get + objek + participle lampau fungsinya hampir sama dengan have, namun lebih santai / informal。

我I 需要need to （使役）get 我的my 手机phone 修理fixed.

Saya harus membawa ponsel untuk diperbaiki.

她She （使役）got 她的her 照片photo 拍taken.

Dia baru saja mengambil foto (meminta orang lain mengambil).

Perhatian Have dan get dalam struktur kausatif sebagian besar kasus dapat saling ditukar; get memiliki nada yang lebih santai dan lebih lisan。

Kesalahan Umum

❌ ~~I cut my hair yesterday.~~(Sebenarnya dipotong di salon)→ ✓ I had my hair cut yesterday. — Jika dikatakan secara aktif, artinya Anda memotong rambut Anda sendiri dengan gunting。

❌ Urutan kata terbalik:~~I had cut my hair~~ adalah past perfect("Saya sudah memotongnya sebelum itu"), bukan struktur kausatif; struktur kausatif adalah had + objek + participle lampau: I had my hair cut。

❌ ~~I had my hair cutted.~~ → ✓ …cut. — Participle lampau dalam struktur kausatif juga harus benar: cut–cut–cut tidak berubah bentuk。

Meminta seseorang melakukan: have + orang + kata kerja dasar, get + orang + to do:I'll have John fix it. / I'll get John to fix it.
10 Contrast linkers · ⁨Penghubung kontras⁩
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10.1
although, though, even though

English

These conjunctions express contrast / concession ("although...but..."). They are followed by a complete sentence (subject + verb).

although / though: Although. even though: Stronger tone, meaning "even if / despite the fact that".

虽然Although （天气it）it （过去）was 下雨raining 我们, we 去went 外出out.

*Although it was raining, we still went out.

他He 通过passed 尽管, even though 他he 没有hadn't 学习studied.

*Even though he didn't study, he still passed.

Note: though can also appear at the end of a sentence to mean "however" (informal): It's expensive. I like it, though.

Bahasa Indonesia

Kata hubung ini menunjukkan kontras / konsesi (meskipun... tetapi...). Diikuti oleh kalimat lengkap (Subjek + Kata Kerja).

although / though: meskipun。even though: nada lebih kuat, "meskipun begitu"。

虽然Although （天气it）it （过去）was 下雨raining 我们, we 去went 外出out.

Meskipun hujan, kami tetap keluar.

他He 通过passed 尽管, even though 他he 没有hadn't 学习studied.

Meskipun dia tidak belajar, dia tetap lulus.

Perhatian though juga bisa diletakkan di akhir kalimat, berarti "tapi" (lisan):It's expensive. I like it, though.
10.2
despite, in spite of

English
despite and in spite of have the same meaning as although, but they are followed by nouns / gerunds, not complete sentences.

尽管Despite （冠词）the 雨rain 我们, we 去went 外出out.

*Despite the rain, we still went out.

尽管In spite of 是being 累tired 她, she 继续kept 工作working.

*Despite being very tired, she continued working.

Note: Key distinction: although + sentence; despite / in spite of + noun / -ing. ~~despite it was raining~~ ✗ → despite the rain ✓.

Bahasa Indonesia
despite dan in spite of memiliki makna yang sama dengan although, namun diikuti oleh kata benda / gerund, bukan kalimat lengkap。

尽管Despite （冠词）the 雨rain 我们, we 去went 外出out.

Meskipun hujan turun, kami tetap keluar.

尽管In spite of 是being 累tired 她, she 继续kept 工作working.

Meskipun sangat lelah, dia tetap bekerja.

Perhatian Perbedaan kunci: although + kalimat; despite / in spite of + kata benda / -ing.~~despite it was raining~~ ✗ → despite the rain ✓。
10.3
namun, bagaimanapun

English
however and nevertheless are conjunctive adverbs that connect two sentences, usually placed at the beginning of a sentence followed by a comma.

（它）It （过去）was 贵expensive 然而. However 我们, we 买bought 它it.

*It was expensive. However, we still bought it.

Note: However typically forms its own sentence separated by a comma; do not use it to directly join two clauses like but.

Common Errors

❌ ~~Although it was raining, but we went out.~~ → ✓ Keep only one: Although it was raining, we went out. / It was raining, but we went out. — Chinese "although...but..." appears in pairs, but English allows only one.

❌ ~~Despite of the rain…~~ → ✓ despite the rain / in spite of the rain — despite never takes of; in spite always takes of; do not mix them.

❌ ~~Even he studied hard, he failed.~~ → ✓ Even though he studied hard… — even alone is not a conjunction; use even though / even if.

❌ ~~It was expensive, however we bought it.~~ → ✓ It was expensive. However, we bought it. (Or using a semicolon: …expensive**; however,** we…) — However cannot join two clauses with just a comma like but.

Bahasa Indonesia
namun dan bagaimanapun adalah kata hubung adverb, menghubungkan dua kalimat, biasanya diletakkan di awal kalimat dan diikuti koma.

（它）It （过去）was 贵expensive 然而. However 我们, we 买bought 它it.

Itu mahal. Namun, kami tetap membelinya.

Perhatian namun biasanya berdiri sendiri sebagai kalimat, dipisahkan dengan koma; jangan gunakan seperti but untuk langsung menghubungkan dua klausa.

Kesalahan Umum

❌ ~~Although it was raining, but we went out.~~ → ✓ Tinggalkan satu saja:Although it was raining, we went out. / It was raining, but we went out. — "meskipun... tetapi..." dalam bahasa Mandarin muncul berpasangan, dalam bahasa Inggris hanya boleh memilih salah satu.

❌ ~~Despite of the rain…~~ → ✓ despite the rain / in spite of the rain — despite tidak pernah disertai of; in spite harus disertai of; jangan mencampur keduanya.

❌ ~~Even he studied hard, he failed.~~ → ✓ Even though he studied hard… — even bukan kata hubung yang berdiri sendiri, gunakan even though / even if.

❌ ~~It was expensive, however we bought it.~~ → ✓ It was expensive. However, we bought it.(atau pakai titik koma:…expensive**; however,** we…)— however tidak bisa menggunakan koma untuk menghubungkan dua klausa seperti but.
11 Articles (advanced) · ⁨Artikel (lanjutan)⁩
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11.1
Umum vs Spesifik

English

At B2 level, the difficulty with articles lies in distinguishing generic reference from specific reference:

Generic reference (whole categories): Plural / uncountable nouns, no the.

Specific reference (particular ones): Use the.

老虎Tigers 是are 危险dangerous.

*Tigers are dangerous. (Refers to tigers in general, no the)

（特指）The 老虎tigers 在at （冠词）the 动物园zoo 是are 困倦sleepy.

*The tigers in the zoo are sleepy. (Specific, use the)

Note: Abstract nouns are also used without the for generic reference: Love is important. (Love is important.) But the love of a mother uses the when referring specifically.

Bahasa Indonesia

Di tingkat B2, kesulitan article terletak pada membedakan general reference dan specific reference:

Umum(seluruh kategori benda): kata benda jamak / tidak terhitung, tidak pakai the.

Spesifik(yang spesifik itu):tambahkan the.

老虎Tigers 是are 危险dangerous.

Haru itu berbahaya. (Umum untuk semua harimau, tanpa the)

（特指）The 老虎tigers 在at （冠词）the 动物园zoo 是are 困倦sleepy.

Harimau-harimau di kebun binatang itu mengantuk. (Spesifik, tambah the)

Perhatian kata benda abstrak juga tidak pakai the saat umum:Love is important.(Cinta itu penting.) Tapi the love of a mother(cinta ibu) saat spesifik perlu tambah the.
11.2
Fixed Collocations

English
In many collocations, article usage is fixed and must be memorized as a whole:

No article: go to bed / school / work, by car / bus, at home, have breakfast.

Use the: in the morning, play the piano, the same, listen to the radio.

我I 去go （介词）to 上班work 乘by 公交bus.

*I go to work by bus. (Neither go to work nor by bus takes an article)

Note: These collocations lack much logical reasoning; memorizing them as fixed phrases is most effective.

Common Errors

❌ ~~the China / the Japan~~ → ✓ China / Japan; but ✓ the US, the UK, the Netherlands, the Philippines — Only countries with plural forms or "organizational" names take the.

❌ ~~Most of people agree.~~ → ✓ Most people agree. / Most of the people in this room agree. — most goes directly before a noun; most of must be followed by the / my / these etc.

Distinguish (British English): be in hospital (admitted as a patient) vs. go to the hospital (go to the building, e.g., to visit someone). The same applies to in prison / at school.

the + adjective refers to a class of people: The rich should help the poor.

Bahasa Indonesia
Dalam banyak collocation, penggunaan article bersifat tetap, sehingga harus hafal sebagai satu kesatuan:

Tanpa artikel: go to bed / school / work, by car / bus, at home, have breakfast.

Tambah the: in the morning, play the piano, the same, listen to the radio.

我I 去go （介词）to 上班work 乘by 公交bus.

Saya naik bus ke tempat kerja. (go to work, by bus tidak pakai artikel)

Catatan Collocation ini tidak memiliki logika yang jelas, jadi cara paling efektif adalah menghafalnya sebagai frasa tetap.

Kesalahan Umum

❌ ~~the China / the Japan~~ → ✓ China / Japan; tapi ✓ the US, the UK, the Netherlands, the Philippines — negara dengan bentuk jamak atau "jenis organisasi" baru pakai the.

❌ ~~Most of people agree.~~ → ✓ Most people agree. / Most of the people in this room agree. — most langsung ditambah名词; most of harus diikuti the / my / these, dll., sebagai pembatas.

Bedakan (British): be in hospital(rawat inap, sebagai pasien) vs go to the hospital(pergi ke gedung rumah sakit, misalnya menjenguk). prison / at school juga sama.

the + adjektiva merujuk pada satu kelas orang:The rich should help the poor.(Orang kaya harus membantu orang miskin.)
12 Emphasis · ⁨Penekanan⁩
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12.1
so dan such untuk penekanan

English

so and such are used to intensify meaning ('so...that' or 'such...that'), often followed by that to introduce a result.

so + adjective / adverb (+ that …).

such + (a/an) + adjective + noun (+ that …).

（它）It （过去）was 如此so 冷cold 以至于that （冠词）the 湖lake 结冰froze.

It is so cold that the lake has frozen over.

（它）It （过去）was 如此such 一个a 好good 电影film 以至于that 我I 哭了cried.

That movie was so good that I cried.

Note: Follow so with an adjective (so cold); follow such with a noun phrase (such a good film).

Bahasa Indonesia

so dan such digunakan untuk memperkuat nada suara ("sangat... sampai-sampai..."), setelahnya sering diikuti that untuk引出 hasil.

so + adjektiva / adverb (+ that …).

such + (a/an) + adjektiva + noun (+ that …).

（它）It （过去）was 如此so 冷cold 以至于that （冠词）the 湖lake 结冰froze.

Cuaca terlalu dingin, danau bahkan membeku.

（它）It （过去）was 如此such 一个a 好good 电影film 以至于that 我I 哭了cried.

Film itu begitu bagus, saya sampai menangis.

Perhatian setelah so ikuti adjektiva (so cold); setelah such ikuti kelompok kata benda (such a good film).
12.2
so do I, neither do I

English
To express "Me too" or "Me neither," English uses a short inverted structure where the auxiliary verb must match the previous sentence:

Affirmative agreement: So + auxiliary verb + subject (So do I / So am I / So can I).

Negative agreement: Neither + auxiliary verb + subject (Neither do I / Neither am I).

"I like tea." — 也So （助动词）do 我I.

"I like tea." — "Me too."

"I can't swim." — 也不Neither （助动词）can 我I.

"I can't swim." — "Neither can I."

Note: The auxiliary verb must match the tense/verb of the previous sentence: if the previous sentence uses are → So are they; if it uses don't → Neither do I.

Common Errors

❌ "I love this song." — ~~So am I.~~ → ✓ So do I. — The agreeing auxiliary must match the previous sentence: main verbs → do / does / did; be → am / is; can → can.

❌ "I don't like it." — ~~Me too.~~ → ✓ Me neither. / Neither do I. — Do not use too for negative agreements.

❌ "I can't swim." — ~~So can't I.~~ → ✓ Neither can I. — Negative inversion begins with neither / nor, never so + negative.

To emphasize "really," avoid using very + verb: ❌ ~~I very like it.~~ → ✓ I do like it. / I really like it. — Placing the auxiliary do before the verb creates emphasis.

Bahasa Indonesia
Untuk menyatakan "Saya juga / Saya tidak juga", bahasa Inggris menggunakan struktur singkat inversi, di mana auxiliary verb harus beresonansi dengan kalimat sebelumnya:

Setuju positif:So + auxiliary verb + subject(So do I / So am I / So can I).

Setuju negatif:Neither + auxiliary verb + subject(Neither do I / Neither am I).

"I like tea." — 也So （助动词）do 我I.

"Saya suka teh." "Saya juga."

"I can't swim." — 也不Neither （助动词）can 我I.

"Saya tidak bisa berenang." "Saya juga tidak."

Perhatian auxiliary verb harus sesuai tense / kata kerja kalimat sebelumnya: kalimat sebelumnya are → So are they; kalimat sebelumnya don't → Neither do I.

Kesalahan Umum

❌ "I love this song." — ~~So am I.~~ → ✓ So do I. — Auxiliary verb yang setuju harus呼应 kalimat sebelumnya: kata kerja real → do / does / did; be → am / is; can → can.

❌ "I don't like it." — ~~Me too.~~ → ✓ Me neither. / Neither do I. — Penyetujuan kalimat negatif tidak boleh pakai too.

❌ "I can't swim." — ~~So can't I.~~ → ✓ Neither can I. — Inversi negatif dimulai dengan neither / nor, jangan bilang so + negatif.

Untuk menekankan "benar-benar", jangan pakai very + kata kerja lagi: ❌ ~~I very like it.~~ → ✓ I do like it. / I really like it. — Auxiliary verb do diletakkan sebelum kata kerja adalah bentuk penekanan.