Gouvernement et économie
Pearson Edexcel · International GCSE · Economics Sujet 6 3:01 Narration en anglais · Sous-titres anglais + 中文 incrustés
Chapitres
Transcript
Topic 6 has three strands: the macroeconomic objectives, the policies that pursue them, and the trade-offs between them.
第六主题有三条主线：宏观经济目标、实现这些目标的政策，以及目标之间的取舍。
Growth is rising real G D P, moving through the cycle of boom, downturn, recession and recovery.
增长是实际 GDP 上升，经历繁荣、下行、衰退和复苏的 周期。
The consumer price index from a weighted basket comes to 109, which is 9 percent inflation.
由加权篮子计算的消费者价格指数为 109，即百分之九的通胀。
Demand-pull inflation shifts aggregate demand right; cost-push inflation shifts short-run supply left.
需求拉动型通胀使总需求右移；成本推动型通胀使短期总供给左移。
On the model, a reflation moves the economy from 70 and 55 to 85 and 62.5.
在 模型中，扩张政策使经济从 70 和 55 移到 85 和 62.5。
The policies are fiscal, monetary, supply-side and direct controls.
政策包括财政政策、货币政策、供给侧政策和直接管制。
One objective per breath: its measure, then its impacts.
一次只讲一个目标：先讲它的衡量指标，再讲它的影响。
Growth is measured by real G D P, though G D P misses non-market activity, distribution and the environment.
增长用实际 GDP 衡量，但 GDP 忽略了非市场活动、分配和环境。
Inflation is measured by the consumer price index: with weights of 0.5, 0.3 and 0.2 on prices of 110, 100 and 120, the index is 55 plus 30 plus 24, which is 109, so prices rose 9 percent.
通胀用消费者价格 指数衡量：权重 0.5、0.3 和 0.2 分别乘以价格 110、100 和 120，指数等于 55 加 30 加 24，即 109，所以价格上涨了百分之九。
Unemployment uses the I L O measure.
失业 采用国际劳工组织的衡量方法。
The current account records visible and invisible trade.
经常账户记录有形贸易和无形贸易。
Then come protecting the environment and redistributing income to reduce inequality and poverty.
接下来是保护环境，以及通过收入再分配减少不平等和贫困。
Name the policy, its instrument, and the curve it moves.
说出政策、它的工具，以及它移动哪条曲线。
Fiscal policy uses taxes and government spending.
财政政策使用税收和政府支出。
Monetary policy works through interest rates: dearer borrowing cuts consumption and investment, which cools inflation, and at the zero bound the central bank buys assets.
货币政策通过利率起作用：借贷更贵会减少消费和投资，从而给通胀 降温；在零利率下限时，中央银行购买资产。
Supply-side policy uses privatisation, deregulation, education, regional policy, infrastructure and lower taxes.
供给侧政策包括私有化、放松管制、教育、区域政策、基础设施和减税。
Direct controls are regulation, laws, fines and permits.
直接管制是监管、法律、 罚款和许可证。
On the model, a reflation shifts aggregate demand right from 70 and 55 to 85 and 62.5, more output with inflation.
在模型中，扩张政策使总需求从 70 和 55 右移到 85 和 62.5，产出增加但伴随通胀。
Supply-side policy shifts short-run supply right, more output with lower prices.
供给侧政策使短期总供给右移，产出 增加且价格下降。
Name two objectives and the one conflict between them.
说出两个目标以及它们之间的那个冲突。
Unemployment and inflation: deflating the economy slows price rises but costs jobs.
失业与通胀：紧缩经济会减缓物价上涨，但会减少就业。
Growth and inflation: fast growth overheats the economy.
增长与通胀：增长过快会使经济过热。
Growth and the environment: more output brings more pollution.
增长与 环境：产出增加带来更多污染。
Inflation and the current account: higher prices make exports dearer and worsen the trade balance.
通胀与经常账户：价格上涨使出口更贵，贸易差额恶化。
Every policy answer names the trade-off it accepts, because that is where the evaluation marks are.
每一个政策答案都要说出它接受的取舍，因为评价分 就在这里。
Work the checklist against the worked examples in the handout.
对照讲义中的例题逐条自测。