Paradigms and assumptions · Paradigmes et hypothèses
| English | Français |
|---|---|
| paradigm/ˈpærədaɪm/ | paradigme |
| assumptions/əˈsʌmpʃnz/ | hypothèses |
| ethnocentrism/ˈeθnəsentrɪzəm/ | ethnocentrisme |
| cultural relativism/ˈkʌltʃərəl ˈrelətɪvɪzəm/ | relativisme culturel |
A framework shapes the question
- A paradigm 范式 is a broad framework for interpreting a social situation. Its assumptions 假设 guide what you ask and what you notice; researchers can use it explicitly.
- A motivation-focused account asks about interest. An access-focused account asks about opportunity. Neither starting explanation becomes a finding without evidence.
Why can an unexamined paradigm be difficult to notice? · Pourquoi un paradigme non examiné peut-il être difficile à remarquer ?
Its assumptions may be treated as facts. Comparison and testing alternatives can reveal them; researchers can also use frameworks explicitly. · Ses hypothèses peuvent être traitées comme des faits. La comparaison et le test d'alternatives peuvent les révéler ; les chercheurs peuvent également utiliser explicitement des cadres.
Check group judgements
- Ethnocentrism 民族中心主义 treats your own group's standards as the basis for judging others. A phrase can imply a hierarchy, but inspect its context before deciding what it means.
- A person's background does not establish their behaviour or interest. Ask about the individual and the situation rather than explaining everything with a group label.
Why could “they still live in extended families” imply ethnocentrism when the speaker treats this arrangement as backward? · Pourquoi « ils vivent toujours dans des familles élargies » pourrait-il impliquer de l'ethnocentrisme lorsque l'orateur traite cette organisation comme arriérée ?
That context treats one arrangement as a preferred direction without evidence. The word alone does not establish the judgement in every context. · Ce contexte traite une organisation comme une direction préférée sans preuve. Le mot seul n'établit pas le jugement dans chaque contexte.
Understand context before evaluating
- Cultural relativism 文化相对主义 means considering a practice in its own context. Explaining a practice is different from automatically approving it.
- State the evidence and the basis for an evaluation. Context can help explain a choice without making every choice acceptable or proving one cause.
Understanding a practice in its own context means approving of it. · Comprendre une pratique dans son propre contexte ne signifie pas l'approuver.
Relativism is a method, not a moral position. Explanation and evaluation are different tasks. · Le relativisme est une méthode, pas une position morale. L'explication et l'évaluation sont des tâches distinctes.
Posting is not the same measure as interest. In an invented club case, 12 of 24 members post in one seven-day forum. Seven nonposters report device problems, three report limited time and two give no reason. This is a 50% posting rate, not a measurement of disinterest. A paper route could support further investigation, but changes the participation measure.
"Young people today are less social." Name the assumption behind that claim. · « Les jeunes d'aujourd'hui sont moins sociables. » Nommez l'hypothèse derrière cette affirmation.
Example: "It assumes that being social means meeting face to face, so contact through a screen does not count." · Exemple : "Cela suppose que être social signifie se rencontrer en face à face, donc le contact via un écran ne compte pas."
Name the assumption, identify its source and explain what evidence could challenge it. A wider definition can change a count. It does not prove that the underlying behaviour changed.
Put the three parts of a strong answer about an assumption in order. · Mettez les trois parties d'une bonne réponse sur une hypothèse dans l'ordre.
Name the assumption, say whose it is and examine how the interpretation changes. This is a reasoning aid, not a promise of an official mark. · Nommez l'hypothèse, dites de qui elle est et examinez comment l'interprétation change. C'est une aide au raisonnement, pas une promesse de note officielle.
“Less social” needs a stated measure and comparison. Counting only face-to-face activities excludes other contact, but that omission alone does not prove that young people are highly social. Keep both interpretations bounded by evidence.