商业竞争、劳动市场与政府干预
Pearson Edexcel · International GCSE · 经济学 知识点 5 5:26 英语旁白 · 英中内嵌字幕
章节
文本转录
This topic has three parts.
本主题分三部分。
How firms compete, from many small firms to a single monopoly.
企业如何竞争，从众多小企业到单一垄断者。
How the labour market sets wages and employment.
劳动力市场如何决定工资和就业。
And how government intervenes, from pollution taxes to the minimum wage.
以及政府如何干预，从污染税到最低工资。
Competition forces firms to be efficient: they must cut costs to survive.
竞争迫使企业提高效率：必须降低成本才能生存。
Consumers gain choice, quality, innovation and lower prices.
消费者得到更多选择、更好质量、更多创新和更低价格。
The drawbacks: duplicated capacity, and firms that cut corners to undercut their rivals.
缺点是：产能重复，以及企业为压低对手而偷工减料。
Large firms exploit economies of scale, branding and finance, but can suffer diseconomies and lose touch with customers.
大企业利用规模经济、品牌和融资优势，但可能出现规模不经济，并与顾客脱节。
Small firms are flexible and personal, but lack scale and bargaining power.
小企业灵活且服务贴心，但缺乏规模和议价能力。
Firms grow to gain economies of scale, to spread risk and to take over competitors, helped or held back by regulation and access to finance.
企业扩张是为了获得规模经济、分散风险和收购竞争对手，政府监管和融资渠道会促进或限制扩张。
Others stay small: the market is small or a niche, finance is lacking, or the entrepreneur wants control and a lifestyle.
另一些企业保持小规模：市场小或属于利基市场，缺乏资金，或者企业家想保持控制权和自己的生活方式。
A monopoly is a market dominated by one firm with a unique product.
垄断是由一家企业主导、产品独特的市场。
Barriers to entry, such as patents and high start-up costs, keep rivals out.
进入壁垒，例如专利和高昂的启动成本，把竞争者挡在门外。
So the firm is a price-maker.
所以这家企业是价格制定者。
Against competition, it charges a higher price for a lower output, with less choice and little pressure to innovate.
与竞争市场相比，它以更高的价格提供更少的产量，选择更少，创新压力也很小。
Average revenue is the demand curve, P equals 70 minus Q over 2, and marginal revenue falls twice as fast.
平均收益就是需求曲线，P 等于 70 减 Q 的一半，边际收益下降的速度是它的两倍。
The monopolist sets marginal revenue equal to marginal cost at 40 units, and reads a price of 50 off demand.
垄断者令边际收益等于边际成本，产量为 40，再从需求曲线读出价格 50。
Average cost there is 30, so supernormal profit is 20 times 40: 800.
此时平均成本为 30，所以超额利润是 20 乘 40，等于 800。
A competitive market would make 60 at 40; the lost trades are a deadweight loss of 200.
竞争市场会以价格 40 生产 60；损失的交易形成 200 的无谓损失。
An oligopoly is a market dominated by a few large firms with different products behind barriers to entry.
寡头垄断是由少数几家大企业主导的市场，产品各有差异，并有进入壁垒。
Gains: choice through differentiation, innovation funded by large profits, economies of scale.
好处：差异化带来选择，高利润支持创新，还有规模经济。
Dangers: collusion, where cartels fix high prices against the consumer, and price wars that destroy profit and drive firms out.
危险：串谋，卡特尔联手定高价损害消费者；以及价格战，摧毁利润并把企业挤出市场。
The demand for labour is derived: firms want workers because people want the product.
劳动力需求是派生需求：企业需要工人，是因为人们需要产品。
It also depends on machines as substitutes and on productivity.
它还取决于可替代的机器和劳动生产率。
The supply of labour depends on population and migration, the school-leaving and retirement ages, female participation, and skills and mobility.
劳动力供给取决于人口和移民、离校年龄和退休年龄、女性参与率，以及技能和流动性。
Supply, W equals 4 plus 0.02 L, meets demand, W equals 16 minus 0.04 L, at 200 workers and a wage of 8.
供给 W 等于 4 加 0.02 L，与需求 W 等于 16 减 0.04 L 相交于 200 名工人、工资 8。
When product demand rises, labour demand shifts right: the new equilibrium is 250 workers at 9, so both rise.
当产品需求上升时，劳动力需求右移：新均衡是 250 名工人、工资 9，二者都上升。
More migration would shift supply instead: more jobs, at a lower wage.
如果移民增加，则是供给移动：就业增加，工资下降。
Set a minimum wage of 9, above the equilibrium of 8.
把最低工资定为 9，高于均衡工资 8。
At a wage of 9 firms want only 175 workers, while 250 want to work.
工资为 9 时，企业只想雇 175 名工人，而有 250 人想工作。
The gap is 75 workers unemployed.
差额是 75 名失业工人。
Those who keep their jobs earn more, but firms face higher costs and may raise prices.
保住工作的人收入更高，但企业成本上升，可能提高价格。
Five policies.
五种政策。
A tax raises the private cost towards the social cost.
征税把私人成本提高到接近社会成本。
A subsidy rewards external benefits.
补贴奖励外部收益。
A fine punishes the polluter.
罚款惩罚污染者。
Regulation sets legal limits.
监管设定法定限额。
Pollution permits cap total emissions and let firms trade them.
污染许可证限制排放总量，并允许企业相互交易。
Each is hard to set correctly and costs something to enforce.
每一种都很难设定得恰到好处，执行也有成本。
Competition policy has four aims: promote competition, limit monopoly power, protect consumer interests, and control mergers and takeovers.
竞争政策有四个目标：促进竞争、限制垄断势力、保护消费者利益，以及控制兼并和收购。
The National Living Wage rose from 11.44 pounds in April 2024 to 12.21 pounds in April 2025: a rise of 0.77 pounds an hour.
国民生活工资从 2024 年 4 月的 11.44 英镑涨到 2025 年 4 月的 12.21 英镑：每小时涨 0.77 英镑。
0.77 divided by 11.44 is about 6.7 percent.
0.77 除以 11.44 约为百分之 6.7。
A café with 10 workers on 30 hours each pays for 300 hours a week, so its wage bill rises by 300 times 0.77: 231 pounds a week.
一家咖啡馆有 10 名工人，每人每周 30 小时，每周共 300 小时，所以工资支出增加 300 乘 0.77，即每周 231 英镑。
For: it raises pay for about 3 million low-paid workers at no cost to the government budget, and lower staff turnover saves firms hiring costs.
支持：它为约 300 万低薪工人加薪，而不花政府预算，员工流失减少也为企业节省招聘成本。
Against: set too high, it cuts jobs and hours, small cafés raise prices or close, and it misses households where no one works.
反对：定得太高会减少岗位和工时，小咖啡馆会提价或关门，而且覆盖不到无人工作的家庭。
Judgement: effective for low pay, not the best single cure for poverty: combine it with targeted benefits and training.
判断：对提高低工资有效，但不是消除贫困的最佳单一办法：应与有针对性的福利和培训结合。
Check yourself.
自我检测。
The monopolist sets MR equal to MC: 40 units at a price of 50, for a profit of 800.
垄断者令 MR 等于 MC：产量 40、价格 50，利润 800。
The labour market clears at 200 workers and a wage of 8.
劳动力市场在 200 名工人、工资 8 处出清。
A minimum wage of 9 leaves 250 minus 175: 75 unemployed.
最低工资 9 时，250 减 175，有 75 人失业。
And labour demand is derived because it comes from demand for the product.
劳动力需求是派生需求，因为它来自对产品的需求。