Experimental design · 实验设计
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| independent variable/ˌɪndɪˈpendənt ˈveərɪəbl/ | 自变量 | zì biàn liàng |
| dependent variable/dɪˈpendənt ˈveərɪəbl/ | 因变量 | yīn biàn liàng |
| control variables/kənˈtrəʊl ˈveərɪəblz/ | 控制变量 | kòng zhì biàn liàng |
| fair test/feə test/ | 公平测试 | gōng píng cè shì |
| anomalies/əˈnɒməliz/ | 异常值 | yì cháng zhí |
Doing experiments well
- A good experiment gives results you can trust and repeat.
- That takes careful experimental design.
把实验做好
- 一个好的实验给出你能信任并重复的结果。
- 那需要小心的实验设计(experimental design)。
Experiment design route · 实验设计路径
Follow a fair test from question to reliable conclusion. · 遵循公平测试从问题到可靠结论的流程。
The independent variable is the one that you: · 自变量是你：
You change the independent variable. · 你改变自变量。
The dependent variable is the one you: · 因变量是你：
You measure the dependent variable. · 你测量因变量。
Variables kept the same to make a test fair are called ______ variables. · 为保持测试公平而保持不变的变量称为______变量。
Control variables are held constant. · 控制变量保持恒定。
Variables
- The independent variable 自变量 is the one you deliberately change.
- The dependent variable 因变量 is the one you measure.
- Control variables 控制变量 are kept the same so the test is fair.
Simple distillation separates a solvent from a solution by evaporating then condensing it
变量
- 自变量(independent variable)是你故意改变的那个。
- 因变量(dependent variable)是你测量的那个。
- 控制变量(control variables)保持相同,使测试公平。
简单蒸馏通过蒸发然后冷凝把溶剂从溶液中分离
For a fair test, you should change: · 为了进行公平测试，你应该改变：
Only one variable changes in a fair test. · 公平测试中只有一个变量发生变化。
A fair test 公平测试
- To be a fair test, only the independent variable should change.
- This makes sure any change in the result is due to that variable alone.
A flame test: the metal ion gives the flame a colour
一个公平的测试
- 要成为一个公平的测试(fair test),只有自变量应该改变。
- 这确保结果中的任何改变都仅仅由于那个变量。
Repeating measurements and averaging improves reliability. · 重复测量并取平均值可提高可靠性。
Repeats reduce the effect of random error. · 重复测量可减少随机误差的影响。
Reliable results
- Repeat measurements and take an average to improve reliability.
- Spot and discard obvious anomalies 异常值 (odd results) before averaging.
Worked example. Testing how temperature affects reaction rate: temperature is the independent variable, rate is the dependent variable, and concentration and volume are controlled. Repeat each temperature three times for reliability.
可靠的结果
- 重复测量并取平均值以提高可靠性。
- 在求平均前发现并丢弃明显的异常值(anomalies,奇怪的结果)。
例题。 测试温度如何影响反应速率:温度是自变量,速率是因变量,而浓度和体积是受控的。每个温度重复三次以求可靠性。
You've got it
- independent variable = what you change; dependent = what you measure; control = kept the same
- a fair test changes only the independent variable
- repeat and average for reliability; discard anomalies
你掌握了
- 自变量 = 你改变的;因变量 = 你测量的;控制 = 保持相同
- 一个公平的测试只改变自变量
- 重复并求平均值以求可靠性;丢弃异常值