Formulae, functional groups and terminology · 化学式、官能团和术语
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| organic chemistry/ɔːˈɡænɪk ˈkemɪstri/ | 有机化学 | yǒu jī huà xué |
| functional group/ˈfʌŋkʃənl ɡruːp/ | 官能团 | guān néng tuán |
| homologous series/həˈmɒləɡəs ˈsɪəriːz/ | 同系物 | tóng xì wù |
| molecular formula/məˈlekjʊlə ˈfɔːmjʊlə/ | 分子式 | fēn zǐ shì |
| structural formula/ˈstrʌktʃərəl ˈfɔːmjʊlə/ | 结构简式 | jié gòu jiǎn shì |
The chemistry of carbon
- Carbon forms millions of compounds — far more than all other elements combined.
- Organic chemistry 有机化学 is the study of these carbon compounds.
碳的化学
- 碳形成数百万种化合物——远多于所有其他元素的总和。
- 有机化学(organic chemistry)是对这些碳化合物的研究。
Functional group lab · 官能团实验室
Classify organic molecules by the group that controls their reactions. · 根据控制其反应的基团对有机分子进行分类。
Organic chemistry is the study of compounds containing: · 有机化学研究的是含有：
Organic compounds are carbon-based. · 有机化合物是以碳为基础的。
The part of a molecule that gives a family its characteristic reactions is the: · 决定一个系列特征反应的部分是：
The functional group defines the family's chemistry. · 官能团定义了该系列的化学性质。
Families and functional groups 官能团
- Organic compounds are grouped into homologous series 同系物 (families) with the same general formula.
- Each family has a functional group — the part that gives it its characteristic reactions.
Structural isomers have the same molecular formula 分子式 but different structures
族与官能团
- 有机化合物被分组为同系列(homologous series,族),它们有相同的通式(general formula)。
- 每个族都有一个官能团(functional group)——给予它特征反应的那部分。
结构异构体有相同的分子式但不同的结构
A family of organic compounds with the same general formula is a ______ series. · 具有相同通式的有机化合物家族称为______系列。
Members share a functional group and general formula. · 成员共享一个官能团和通式。
Types of formula
- A molecular formula gives the number of each atom (e.g. ethane C₂H₆).
- A structural formula 结构简式 shows how the atoms are joined.
Two routes to ethanol: fermentation, and hydration of ethene
式的类型
- 分子式(molecular formula)给出每种原子的数目(例如乙烷 C₂H₆)。
- 结构式(structural formula)显示原子如何连接。
Consecutive members of a homologous series differ by: · 同系物的连续成员相差：
Each step adds one CH₂ unit. · 每一步增加一个 CH₂ 单元。
Boiling points rise gradually as the chain length increases in a series. · 在同系物中，随着链长增加，沸点逐渐升高。
Longer chains have higher boiling points. · 较长的链具有较高的沸点。
Patterns in a series
- Members of a series differ by CH₂ each step.
- Properties change gradually (e.g. boiling point rises with chain length).
Worked example. Methane (CH₄), ethane (C₂H₆) and propane (C₃H₈) are all alkanes. Each has one more CH₂ than the last, and their boiling points rise steadily — a homologous series.
一个系列中的规律
- 一个系列的成员每一步相差 CH₂。
- 性质逐渐改变(例如沸点随链长上升)。
例题。 甲烷(CH₄)、乙烷(C₂H₆)和丙烷(C₃H₈)都是烷烃。每个都比上一个多一个 CH₂,而它们的沸点稳步上升——一个同系列。
You've got it
- organic chemistry studies carbon compounds, grouped into homologous series
- each family has a functional group giving its characteristic reactions
- members differ by CH₂ and show a gradual change in properties
你掌握了
- 有机化学研究碳化合物,分组为同系列
- 每个族都有给予其特征反应的官能团
- 成员相差 CH₂ 并显示性质的逐渐改变