Memory and cognition · 记忆与认知
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| encoding/enˈkəʊdɪŋ/ | 编码 | biān mǎ |
| storage/ˈstɔːrɪdʒ/ | 存储 | cún chǔ |
| retrieval/rɪˈtriːvl/ | 提取 | tí qǔ |
| multi-store model/ˈmʌlti stɔː ˈmɒdl/ | 多重存储模型 | duō zhòng cún chǔ mó xíng |
| working memory/ˈwɜːkɪŋ ˈmeməri/ | 工作记忆 | gōng zuò jì yì |
| cognition/kɒɡˈnɪʃn/ | 认知 | rèn zhī |
| heuristics/hjuːˈrɪstɪks/ | 启发式 | qǐ fā shì |
| biases/ˈbaɪəsɪz/ | 偏差 | piān chā |
A vivid story is not a frequency count
- A fictional class hears five dramatic cycling stories and predicts that cycling injuries are most common. The supplied record lists two cycling injuries and eight running injuries.
- Ease of recalling a story is not the same as the measured frequency. The example teaches a reasoning error without inventing a real mortality comparison.
Put the three stages of memory in order. · 把记忆的三个阶段排序。
Forgetting can happen at any of the three, and the remedies differ. · 遗忘可能发生在三者中的任何一环,而补救办法各不相同。
Locate the memory process
- Encoding 编码 processes information, storage 存储 retains it and retrieval 提取 accesses it. A failure to report something can arise from more than one process.
- A cue that later brings a name to mind supports a retrieval explanation. Failure on one attempt alone cannot prove that the name was never stored.
Holding a phone number in mind while you dial it uses what? · 一边拨号一边把电话号码记在脑中,用到的是什么?
Working memory supports temporary maintenance during a task. Its capacity and performance depend on the material and conditions.
Distinguish memory models
- The multi-store model 多重存储模型 distinguishes sensory, short-term and long-term stores. Duration and capacity depend on task, material and rehearsal.
- Working memory 工作记忆 describes temporary maintenance and manipulation. It is more than renaming one store; holding intermediate values during mental arithmetic illustrates its role.
In the fictional example, dramatic cycling stories are easy to recall. Why might the class overestimate cycling injuries?
Availability uses recall ease as a cue. The supplied record has 2 cycling and 8 running injuries, so the vividness does not match that frequency.
Check a shortcut against evidence
- Cognition 认知 includes thinking and decision-making. Heuristics 启发式 simplify judgement; biases 偏差 are systematic distortions that can occur.
- Availability uses ease of recall as a cue to frequency. In the fictional record, the vivid stories conflict with the counts. Check the actual denominator and time period.
A word later returns after a helpful cue. Which process best describes the earlier difficulty?
Later cued access supports a retrieval difficulty. A single unsuccessful report alone cannot show whether the information was stored.
Five vivid cycling stories are recalled, but the supplied record has 2 cycling and 8 running injuries. Which comparison follows the record?
Eight exceeds two in this supplied record. Different exposure, severity or periods would need separate evidence.
Use retrieval carefully
- Memory is reconstructive and later information can influence reports. This does not mean every recalled detail is false or changes on every retrieval.
- Try a relevant cue, check the source and distinguish remembered detail from added inference. A confident answer does not by itself establish accuracy.
Try a relevant cue, check the source and distinguish remembered detail from added inference. A confident answer does not by itself establish accuracy.
Memory works like a recording that plays back what was stored. · 记忆的工作方式像录像,回放存进去的内容。
Memory is reconstructive and later information can influence a report. This does not imply that every recalled detail is false.