Learning · 学习
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| negative reinforcement/ˈneɡətɪv ˌriːɪnˈfɔːsmənt/ | 负强化 | fù qiáng huà |
| reinforcement/ˌriːɪnˈfɔːsmənt/ | 强化 | qiáng huà |
| punishment/ˈpʌnɪʃmənt/ | 惩罚 | chéng fá |
| classical conditioning/ˈklæsɪkl kənˈdɪʃənɪŋ/ | 经典条件作用 | jīng diǎn tiáo jiàn zuò yòng |
| operant conditioning/ˈɒpərənt kənˈdɪʃənɪŋ/ | 操作性条件作用 | cāo zuò xìng tiáo jiàn zuò yòng |
| observational learning/ɒbzəˈveɪʃənl ˈlɜːnɪŋ/ | 观察学习 | guān chá xué xí |
| development/dɪˈveləpmənt/ | 发展 | fā zhǎn |
Removing a noise can increase an action
- In a fictional observation, fastening a seat belt stops a buzzer, and fastening happens sooner on later occasions. Removal and increased behaviour are separate parts of the account.
- Negative reinforcement 负强化 removes a stimulus and increases the behaviour. Negative describes removal, not disapproval.
A dog salivates at a bell that has always come before food. Which is it? · 狗听到总是在喂食前响起的铃声就流口水,这属于哪一种?
An association between two stimuli, not a consequence of the dog's own behaviour. · 这是两个刺激之间的联结,而不是狗自身行为带来的后果。
Read both axes of a consequence
- Reinforcement 强化 increases future behaviour; punishment 惩罚 decreases it. Positive adds a stimulus and negative removes one.
- Classify by the observed effect as well as what happened. Intended praise is not established as reinforcement merely because it sounds pleasant.
A student hands in homework and the nagging stops. The behaviour increases. What is this? · 学生交了作业,唠叨就停止了,而这个行为增加了。这属于什么?
Something unpleasant was removed and the behaviour went up: removal plus increase is negative reinforcement. · 移除了令人不快的东西,而行为上升:移除加上升,就是负强化。
Match each word to what it tells you. · 把每个词与它所表示的含义配对。
Read the label in two halves and every one of the four combinations becomes readable. · 把标签分成两半来读,四种组合就都能读懂了。
Separate stimulus pairing from consequences
- Classical conditioning 经典条件作用 links stimuli, such as a bell paired with food before later salivation to the bell. Operant conditioning 操作性条件作用 concerns consequences of behaviour.
- The same setting can involve both processes. Identify the particular response and relation the question asks about instead of forcing the whole event into one box.
Consider learning by observing
- Observational learning 观察学习 can occur through watching others. Direct reward to the observer is not always required, and seeing an action does not guarantee copying it.
- Development 发展 includes change across life. Stage theories are proposed models; not every aspect of development follows one fixed sequence or age.
Give an everyday example of negative reinforcement and say why it is not punishment. · 举一个日常生活中负强化的例子,并说明它为什么不是惩罚。
Example: "You fasten the seatbelt and the alarm stops, so you buckle up sooner next time — the behaviour increases." · 例如:“You fasten the seatbelt and the alarm stops, so you buckle up sooner next time — the behaviour increases.”
A privilege is removed after interruptions, and interruptions decrease. Which label fits?
Removal gives negative; decreased interruptions give punishment. Both parts are needed.
Test the classification
- If a privilege is removed and the target behaviour decreases, the stated observation fits negative punishment. If no decrease is observed, do not classify from intention alone.
- Describe the target behaviour, added or removed stimulus and later change. The diagram organises definitions, not a recommendation to punish classmates.
Describe the target behaviour, added or removed stimulus and later change. The diagram organises definitions, not a recommendation to punish classmates.
If praise did not increase the behaviour, it was still a reinforcer because it was pleasant. · 如果表扬没有增加该行为,它仍然算强化物,因为它是令人愉快的。
A reinforcer is defined by its effect, not by the intention or how pleasant it seems. · 强化物由效果定义,而不是由初衷或"看起来多愉快"来定义。