The biology of behaviour · 行为的生物学基础
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| neuron/ˈnjuːrɒn/ | 神经元 | shén jīng yuán |
| synapse/ˈsɪnæps/ | 突触 | tū chù |
| neurotransmitters/ˈnjuːrətrænsmɪtəz/ | 神经递质 | shén jīng dì zhì |
| central nervous system/ˈsentrəl ˈnɜːvəs ˈsɪstəm/ | 中枢神经系统 | zhōng shū shén jīng xì tǒng |
| peripheral nervous system/pəˈrɪfərəl ˈnɜːvəs ˈsɪstəm/ | 周围神经系统 | zhōu wéi shén jīng xì tǒng |
| cerebral cortex/ˈserɪbrəl ˈkɔːteks/ | 大脑皮层 | dà nǎo pí céng |
| sleep/sliːp/ | 睡眠 | shuì mián |
| REM sleep/rem sliːp/ | 快速眼动睡眠 | kuài sù yǎn dòng shuì mián |
A signal needs more than one structure
- A hand withdraws from a hot surface before a deliberate decision. A spinal pathway can coordinate that response while signals also reach the brain.
- A neuron 神经元 receives and transmits signals. At a chemical synapse 突触, released neurotransmitters 神经递质 act on receptors across the gap.
In the chemical-synapse model, how is communication across the gap mediated?
Released neurotransmitters act at receptors of the receiving cell. Electrical synapses also exist.
Bound the communication model
- Electrical activity can lead to chemical release and a change in the receiving cell. The response depends on receptors and the relevant circuit.
- This is a chemical-synapse model. Electrical synapses also exist, so “no signal ever crosses electrically” is too broad.
Match each system to what it includes. · 把每个系统与它包含的部分配对。
Brain and spinal cord form the CNS; peripheral nerves carry sensory input and motor output in a spinal reflex pathway.
Locate the systems
- The central nervous system 中枢神经系统 includes brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system 周围神经系统 connects them to the rest of the body.
- A reflex pathway still involves sensory input and motor output; a spinal response does not mean the entire event happens without peripheral nerves.
Using the lesson’s rough introductory estimate, about how many minutes is a sleep cycle?
About ninety minutes is an approximation. Actual cycle lengths and stage proportions vary; this is not a personal measurement.
Avoid one-region explanations
- The cerebral cortex 大脑皮层 has lobes associated with different functions, but complex behaviour uses interacting systems. Association alone does not establish sole control.
- Sleep 睡眠 alternates through stages. REM sleep 快速眼动睡眠 often includes vivid dreams, but dreams also occur outside REM and cycle lengths vary.
Which statement does the evidence support? · 哪一种表述是证据所支持的?
The qualified statement recognises interacting regions and avoids claiming sole responsibility for a complex process.
Which claim fits the chemical-synapse diagram?
The diagram models communication at a chemical synapse. It does not establish every synapse or a complete behavioural explanation.
Check what a summary can claim
- A sleep-cycle estimate of about ninety minutes is an introductory approximation, not a fixed personal timetable or a measurement of this student.
- Use the appropriate level of explanation and state the evidence. A brain description and a psychological account may address related processes without either automatically proving the other.
Use the appropriate level of explanation and state the evidence. A brain description and a psychological account may address related processes without either automatically proving the other.
Read more: Electrical synapses: a different communication mechanism.
A brain-level explanation is more scientific than a psychological one. · 大脑层面的解释比心理层面的更科学。
The scientific quality depends on the question, method and evidence, rather than whether an account names a brain structure.