Psychology as a science · 作为科学的心理学
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| psychology/saɪˈkɒlədʒi/ | 心理学 | xīn lǐ xué |
| perspectives/pəˈspektɪvz/ | 视角 | shì jiǎo |
| research methods/rɪˈsɜːtʃ ˈmeθədz/ | 研究方法 | yán jiū fāng fǎ |
| independent variable/ˌɪndɪˈpendənt ˈveərɪəbl/ | 自变量 | zì biàn liàng |
| dependent variable/dɪˈpendənt ˈveərɪəbl/ | 因变量 | yīn biàn liàng |
| counterbalancing/ˈkaʊntəbælənsɪŋ/ | 平衡设计 | píng héng shè jì |
A second attempt can change the result
- A class recalls more words with music, but everyone tried silence first. Practice may explain the difference.
- Psychology 心理学 studies behaviour and mental processes systematically. A plausible explanation needs a design that can challenge it.
What does calling psychology "scientific" commit it to? · 把心理学称为"科学的",意味着它承诺了什么?
Everyone has theories about people. Evidence is what separates the ones that survive a test. · 人人都有关于他人的理论。证据决定哪些能经受检验。
Separate explanation from method
- Biological, behavioural, cognitive, humanistic and psychodynamic perspectives 视角 emphasise different explanations. Use the requested perspective and state its mechanism.
- Research methods 研究方法 include experiments, observation and surveys. An experiment changes an independent variable 自变量 and measures a dependent variable 因变量.
"Cognitive" and "experiment" are two words for the same thing. · "认知"和"实验"是同一件事的两种说法。
Cognitive is a perspective — a way of explaining. An experiment is a method — a way of finding out. · 认知是一种视角,即解释方式;实验是一种方法,即探究方式。
Plan a comparable test
- For music and memory, keep study time, room and list difficulty comparable. Reusing the same list may itself create practice effects.
- Counterbalancing 平衡设计 gives some participants music first and others silence first. It helps balance order effects; it does not eliminate every carryover effect or create an experiment by itself.
In the music-and-memory study, match each element to its role. · 在"音乐与记忆"的研究中,把每个要素与其角色配对。
The manipulation, outcome and controls support the comparison. Selection, order, carryover and ethics also need attention.
Report the evidence and limits
- Compare recall in the two conditions and record variation. A small classroom result does not establish that music helps every person or every kind of learning.
- Plan appropriate consent, withdrawal arrangements, risk minimisation and debriefing under the approved procedure. A correct prediction is not an ethical requirement.
Why swap the order of conditions for half the participants? · 为什么要让一半被试的条件顺序对调?
Counterbalancing helps distribute order effects. It does not create an experiment by itself or eliminate every carryover effect.
A class uses the same words twice, always with silence first. Does counterbalancing alone remove the risk of remembering the words?
Swapping order can balance some order effects, while learning the same words may still influence the later attempt.
Carry the design to a new question
- For a comparison of two teaching methods, using different lesson topics can introduce another explanation. Comparable topic difficulty matters as well as lesson length.
- Identify the manipulation, measure, competing explanation and safeguard. A perspective is an explanatory approach; a method collects evidence.
Music first for group A and silence first for group B balances order. If the same words are repeated, earlier learning may still carry over.
Counterbalancing does not make two unequal tasks comparable. Check list difficulty and repeated exposure as well as order.
Identify the manipulation, measure, competing explanation and safeguard. A perspective is an explanatory approach; a method collects evidence.
Which must a study design include? Choose all that apply. · 一份研究设计必须包含哪些内容?选出所有正确项。
Plan consent, voluntary participation and an appropriate debrief under the approved procedure. A correct prediction is not required.