Treatment · 治疗
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| Meta-analytic/ˈmetə ˌænəˈlɪtɪk/ | 元分析 | yuán fēn xī |
| psychotropic medication/ˌsaɪkəʊˈtrɒpɪk ˌmedɪˈkeɪʃn/ | 精神药物治疗 | jīng shén yào wù zhì liáo |
| deinstitutionalise/ˌdeɪnstɪˈtjuːʃənəlaɪz/ | 去机构化 | qù jī gòu huà |
| ethical principles/ˈeθɪkl ˈprɪnsɪplz/ | 伦理原则 | lún lǐ yuán zé |
| free association/friː əˌsəʊsɪˈeɪʃn/ | 自由联想 | zì yóu lián xiǎng |
| dream interpretation/driːm ɪnˌtɜːprɪˈteɪʃn/ | 释梦 | shì mèng |
| cognitive restructuring/ˈkɒɡnɪtɪv rɪˈstrʌktʃərɪŋ/ | 认知重构 | rèn zhī zhòng gòu |
| fear hierarchies/fɪə ˈhaɪərɑːkiz/ | 恐惧等级表 | kǒng jù děng jí biǎo |
| Person-centred therapy/ˈpɜːsn ˈsentəd ˈθerəpi/ | 以人为中心的治疗 | yǐ rén wéi zhōng xīn de zhì liáo |
| active listening/ˈæktɪv ˈlɪsənɪŋ/ | 积极倾听 | jī jí qīng tīng |
| Hypnosis/hɪpˈnəʊsɪs/ | 催眠 | cuī mián |
| Applied behaviour analysis/əˈplaɪd bɪˈheɪvjə əˈnæləsɪs/ | 应用行为分析 | yìng yòng xíng wéi fēn xī |
| Cognitive-behavioural therapies/ˈkɒɡnɪtɪv bɪˈheɪvjərəl ˈθerəpiz/ | 认知行为治疗 | rèn zhī xíng wéi zhì liáo |
| antidepressants/ˌæntɪdɪˈpresənts/ | 抗抑郁药 | kàng yì yù yào |
| antianxiety drugs/ˌæntɪæŋˈzaɪəti drʌɡz/ | 抗焦虑药 | kàng jiāo lǜ yào |
| lithium/ˈlɪθɪəm/ | 锂盐 | lǐ yán |
| antipsychotics/ˌæntɪsaɪˈkɒtɪks/ | 抗精神病药 | kàng jīng shén bìng yào |
| psychosurgery/ˈsaɪkəʊsɜːdʒəri/ | 精神外科手术 | jīng shén wài kē shǒu shù |
| TMS/ˌtiː em ˈes/ | 经颅磁刺激 | jīng lú cí cì jī |
| ECT/ˌiː siː ˈtiː/ | 电休克治疗 | diàn xiū kè zhì liáo |
Does therapy work?
- The question can be answered, and it has been — by combining many studies at once.
- Meta-analytic 元分析 studies conclude that psychotherapies are generally effective.
- That conclusion is the starting point for everything else in this topic.
心理治疗有效吗?
- 这个问题可以被回答,而且已经被回答了——通过把许多研究合并起来分析。
- 元分析(meta-analytic)研究得出结论:心理治疗总体上是有效的。
- 这一结论是本节其余一切内容的起点。
Meta-analytic studies of psychotherapy conclude that it is... · 关于心理治疗的元分析研究表明，它是……
Combining many studies is what makes the general conclusion possible. · 结合多项研究使得得出一般结论成为可能。
Deinstitutionalisation and ethics
- The increased use and effectiveness of psychotropic medication 精神药物治疗 led hospitals to deinstitutionalise 去机构化.
- Psychologists in clinical settings must follow established ethical principles 伦理原则.
- Effectiveness and ethics are separate requirements — a treatment must satisfy both.
去机构化与伦理
- 精神药物治疗(psychotropic medication)使用的增加与效果的提升,促使医院实行去机构化(deinstitutionalise)。
- 临床情境中的心理学家必须遵循既定的伦理原则(ethical principles)。
- 有效性与伦理是两项独立要求——一种治疗必须同时满足两者。
Talking therapies
- Psychodynamic therapies use free association 自由联想 and dream interpretation 释梦 to reach the unconscious.
- Cognitive therapies use cognitive restructuring 认知重构 and fear hierarchies 恐惧等级表 against maladaptive thinking.
- Person-centred therapy 以人为中心的治疗, from the humanistic perspective, uses active listening 积极倾听 and unconditional positive regard.
谈话治疗
- 精神动力学治疗使用自由联想(free association)与释梦(dream interpretation)以触及无意识。
- 认知治疗使用认知重构(cognitive restructuring)与恐惧等级表(fear hierarchies)来对抗不良思维。
- 源自人本主义视角的以人为中心的治疗(person-centred therapy)使用积极倾听(active listening)与无条件积极关注。
Which therapy uses this technique? · 哪种疗法使用此技术？
Match each technique to the therapy it belongs to. · 将每项技术与所属疗法相匹配。
The psychodynamic technique of saying whatever comes to mind is called free . · 精神动力学中“想到什么就说什么”的技术称为自由。
Free association and dream interpretation are the two psychodynamic techniques named. · 自由联想和梦的解析是两种精神动力学技术。
The CED states explicitly that research does not support hypnosis for memory retrieval, even though it is effective for pain and anxiety. A therapy can be effective for one purpose and unsupported for another, and the exam tests exactly that distinction.
CED 明确指出,研究不支持用催眠来提取记忆,尽管它对疼痛与焦虑有效。一种治疗可能对某一目的有效、对另一目的却缺乏支持,而考试考查的正是这一区分。
Match each therapy to its characteristic technique. · 将每种疗法与其标志性技术相匹配。
Each therapy follows from where its perspective locates the problem. · 每种疗法都源于其视角所定位的问题所在。
Behavioural and combined therapies
- Applied behaviour analysis 应用行为分析 applies conditioning principles to address disorders.
- Cognitive-behavioural therapies 认知行为治疗 combine both, and include dialectical behaviour therapy and rational-emotive behaviour therapy.
- Group therapy differs from individual therapy in that members also respond to each other, not only to the therapist.
行为治疗与综合治疗
- 应用行为分析(applied behaviour analysis)运用条件作用原理来处理各种障碍。
- 认知行为治疗(cognitive-behavioural therapies)把两者结合起来,包括辩证行为治疗与理性情绪行为治疗。
- 团体治疗与个体治疗的不同之处在于,成员之间也会相互回应,而不只是回应治疗师。
Research supports the use of hypnosis to retrieve accurate memories. · 研究支持使用催眠术来提取准确记忆。
It is effective for pain and anxiety; the CED says research does not · 不 support memory retrieval. · 它对疼痛和焦虑有效；CED指出研究并不支持记忆提取。
Select all · 所有 the biological interventions the CED names. · 选择CED提到的所有生物学干预措施。
Active listening is a person-centred technique, not a biological intervention. · 积极倾听是一种以人为中心的技术，而非生物学干预。
Biological interventions
- Psychoactive medications include antidepressants 抗抑郁药, antianxiety drugs 抗焦虑药, lithium 锂盐 and antipsychotics 抗精神病药.
- Surgical or invasive interventions include psychosurgery 精神外科手术, TMS 经颅磁刺激 and ECT 电休克治疗.
- Hypnosis 催眠 is effective for pain and anxiety — but research does not support it for memory retrieval.
生物学干预
- 精神活性药物包括抗抑郁药(antidepressants)、抗焦虑药(antianxiety drugs)、锂盐(lithium)与抗精神病药(antipsychotics)。
- 外科或侵入性干预包括精神外科手术(psychosurgery)、经颅磁刺激(TMS)与电休克治疗(ECT)。
- 催眠(hypnosis)对疼痛与焦虑有效——但研究不支持用它来提取记忆。
A person with a specific phobia is guided up a fear hierarchy, from a photograph to the real object, while practising relaxation. Nothing is discussed about the unconscious — the treatment follows directly from the cognitive-behavioural account of where the problem lies.
一位有特定恐惧症的人被引导沿恐惧等级逐级上行,从一张照片到真实对象,同时练习放松。全程不涉及对无意识的讨论——这一治疗直接来自认知行为取向对问题所在的判断。
Meta-analytic studies find psychotherapy generally effective. Psychodynamic therapy uses free association, cognitive therapy uses restructuring and fear hierarchies, person-centred therapy uses active listening, and CBT combines approaches. Biological interventions include medications, TMS and ECT, and hypnosis helps pain but not memory.
元分析研究发现心理治疗总体上有效。精神动力学治疗使用自由联想,认知治疗使用认知重构与恐惧等级,以人为中心的治疗使用积极倾听,而认知行为治疗把多种取向结合起来。生物学干预包括药物、经颅磁刺激与电休克治疗,而催眠有助于疼痛却无助于记忆。