Encoding Memories · 记忆的编码
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| Encoding/enˈkəʊdɪŋ/ | 编码 | biān mǎ |
| Mnemonic devices/nɪˈmɒnɪk dɪˈvaɪsɪz/ | 记忆术 | jì yì shù |
| method of loci/ˈmeθəd ɒv ˈləʊsaɪ/ | 位置法 | wèi zhì fǎ |
| Chunking/ˈtʃʌŋkɪŋ/ | 组块 | zǔ kuài |
| spacing effect/ˈspeɪsɪŋ ɪˈfekt/ | 间隔效应 | jiàn gé xiào yìng |
| serial position effect/ˈsɪərɪəl pəˈzɪʃn ɪˈfekt/ | 系列位置效应 | xì liè wèi zhì xiào yìng |
| primacy effect/ˈpraɪməsi ɪˈfekt/ | 首因效应 | shǒu yīn xiào yìng |
| recency effect/rɪˈsensi ɪˈfekt/ | 近因效应 | jìn yīn xiào yìng |
Two hours of study, two different results
- Two students spend equal time on the same material and remember different amounts.
- The difference is not effort — it is how the information went in.
- Encoding 编码 is the set of processes that get information into memory.
同样两小时学习,两种不同结果
- 两名学生在同样的材料上花了同样的时间,记住的量却不同。
- 差别不在努力程度——而在信息是如何进去的。
- 编码(encoding)就是把信息送入记忆的一整套过程。
Mnemonics
- Mnemonic devices 记忆术 aid encoding into working and long-term memory.
- The CED's named example is the method of loci 位置法 — placing items along a familiar route.
- Mnemonics work by attaching new material to a structure you already hold.
记忆术
- 记忆术(mnemonic devices)有助于把信息编码进工作记忆与长时记忆。
- CED 点名的例子是位置法(method of loci)——把各项内容安放在一条熟悉的路线上。
- 记忆术之所以有效,是因为它把新材料挂在你已经拥有的结构上。
Select all · 所有 that are true of mnemonic devices. · 选出关于记忆术为真的所有项。
Mnemonics are general-purpose; the CED names the method of loci as an example. · 记忆术是通用的;CED 把位置记忆法列为其中一例。
Chunking
- Chunking 组块 groups information into meaningful units.
- A phone number in three chunks is easier than eleven separate digits.
- The number of items falls; the amount of information does not.
组块
- 组块(chunking)把信息组织成有意义的单位。
- 分成三段的电话号码,比十一个孤立数字容易得多。
- 项目的数量减少了;信息量并没有。
Follow one item through the memory system · 跟踪一条信息走完记忆系统
Encoding, storage and retrieval are three different stages, and a failure at each looks different. · 编码、储存与提取是三个不同阶段,每个阶段的失败表现各不相同。
Chunking reduces the amount of information you have to hold. · 组块减少了你需要保持的信息量。
It reduces the number of items, not the information — the same content is held in fewer units. · 它减少的是项目数量,而不是信息量——同样的内容被装进更少的单位。
The spacing effect is not about studying more. The total time is held constant — that is the whole point. An answer that explains spaced practice as "working harder" has described a different thing.
间隔效应说的不是学得更多。总时间是保持不变的——这正是要点所在。把分散练习解释为"更努力"的答案,描述的是另一回事。
Spreading the same study time over several sessions is the ____ effect. · 把同样的学习时间分散到若干次,这是 ____ 效应。
The total time is held constant; only the distribution changes. · 总时间保持不变;改变的只是分布。
The spacing effect
- The spacing effect 间隔效应 means spread-out study encodes better than the same time massed together.
- Four sessions of thirty minutes beat one session of two hours.
- The total time is identical — only the distribution changed.
间隔效应
- 间隔效应(spacing effect)意味着分散学习的编码效果优于把同样时间集中在一起。
- 四次三十分钟胜过一次两小时。
- 总时间完全相同——改变的只是分布。
Losing the middle of a list while remembering the start and end is explained by... · 记住清单的开头与结尾而丢掉中间,可用……解释
Primacy favours the first items and recency the last; the middle is lost. · 首因有利于最前面的项目,近因有利于最后的;中间被丢掉。
Match each effect to the part of a list it favours. · 把每种效应与它有利于清单的哪一部分配对。
The middle of a list is favoured by neither, which is why it is lost. · 清单的中间既不受首因也不受近因照顾,这正是它被丢掉的原因。
Serial position
- The serial position effect 系列位置效应 says order of presentation changes what is encoded.
- The primacy effect 首因效应 favours the first items; the recency effect 近因效应 favours the last.
- The middle of a list is the part that gets lost.
系列位置
- 系列位置效应(serial position effect)指出,呈现顺序会改变被编码的内容。
- 首因效应(primacy effect)有利于最先的项目;近因效应(recency effect)有利于最后的项目。
- 被丢掉的是清单的中间部分。
Asked to recall a twenty-word list, students reliably get the first few (primacy) and the last few (recency) and lose the middle. Nothing about the middle words is harder — their position is what cost them.
要求回忆一份二十词的清单时,学生总能记住最前面几个(首因)和最后几个(近因),而丢掉中间。中间那些词本身并不更难——让它们被丢掉的是它们的位置。
Encoding determines what gets in. Mnemonics such as the method of loci attach new material to old structure, chunking groups items into meaningful units, the spacing effect favours distributed study, and the serial position effect produces primacy and recency.
编码决定了什么能进入记忆。位置记忆法等记忆术把新材料挂在旧结构上,组块把项目归为有意义的单位,间隔效应有利于分散学习,而系列位置效应产生首因与近因。