Heredity and Environment · 遗传与环境
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| genes/dʒiːnz/ | 基因 | jī yīn |
| environment/enˈvaɪrənmənt/ | 环境 | huán jìng |
| Heredity/həˈredɪti/ | 遗传 | yí chuán |
| evolutionary perspective/ɪvəˈluːʃənəri pəˈspektɪv/ | 进化论视角 | jìn huà lùn shì jiǎo |
| natural selection/ˈnætʃərəl sɪˈlekʃn/ | 自然选择 | zì rán xuǎn zé |
| Twin studies/twɪn ˈstʌdiz/ | 双生子研究 | shuāng shēng zi yán jiū |
| Adoption studies/əˈdɒpʃn ˈstʌdiz/ | 收养研究 | shōu yǎng yán jiū |
| Family studies/ˈfæmɪli ˈstʌdiz/ | 家族研究 | jiā zú yán jiū |
Two identical twins, two different lives
- Identical twins share the same genes 基因, yet they never turn out exactly the same.
- Something other than genes must be acting on them.
- That something is environment 环境 — everything that happens to a person.
两个同卵双生子,两种不同的人生
- 同卵双生子拥有相同的基因(genes),但他们从来不会完全一样。
- 一定有基因之外的东西在作用于他们。
- 那个东西就是环境(environment)——一个人所经历的一切。
Heredity and environment interact
- Heredity 遗传 is what is passed down biologically from parents.
- The CED's claim is that the two interact — neither works alone.
- Height is inherited, but poor nutrition lowers it. The gene sets a range; the environment picks a point inside it.
遗传与环境相互作用
- 遗传(heredity)是父母在生物学上传下来的东西。
- CED 的论断是两者相互作用——任何一方都不单独起作用。
- 身高是遗传的,但营养不良会降低它。基因设定一个范围,环境在其中选定一个点。
Heredity, environment, or the interaction? · 遗传、环境还是两者的交互？
Sort each piece of evidence by what it points to. · 根据每条证据指向的内容对其进行分类。
The CED's position on heredity and environment is that they... · CED关于遗传和环境的主张是它们…
Heredity and environment interact; the gene sets a range and conditions pick a point inside it. · 遗传与环境相互作用；基因设定一个范围，而环境在其中选择一个具体点。
The evolutionary perspective
- The evolutionary perspective 进化论视角 asks how natural selection 自然选择 shaped behaviour.
- A behaviour that helped ancestors survive and reproduce is more likely to appear today.
- Fear of snakes is learned unusually fast — plausibly because slow learners left fewer descendants.
进化论视角
- 进化论视角(evolutionary perspective)追问自然选择(natural selection)如何塑造了行为。
- 曾帮助祖先生存与繁衍的行为,今天更可能出现。
- 对蛇的恐惧学得异常之快——很可能是因为学得慢的人留下的后代更少。
The ____ perspective explains behaviour by asking what helped ancestors survive and reproduce. · ____视角通过询问什么帮助祖先生存和繁殖来解释行为。
The evolutionary perspective applies natural selection to behaviour and mental processes. · 进化论视角将自然选择应用于行为和心理过程。
Never write that a trait is "caused by genes" or "caused by upbringing". The CED's position is that heredity and environment interact, and an exam answer that picks one side has taken a position the course rejects.
绝不要写某项特征"由基因造成"或"由养育造成"。CED 的立场是遗传与环境相互作用,而在考试中选边站的答案,采取的正是本课程所否定的立场。
Select all · 所有 the research designs the CED names for separating heredity from environment. · 选择CED命名的所有用于区分遗传与环境的研究设计。
Twin, adoption and family studies vary how much DNA and how much environment people share. · 双生子、收养和家族研究改变了人们共享的DNA量和环境量。
Match each design to what it varies. · 将每种设计与它所改变的因素匹配。
Each design holds one thing constant and varies the other, so the two sources can be told apart. · 每种设计保持一个因素恒定而改变另一个，从而可以区分这两个来源。
How researchers separate the two
- Twin studies 双生子研究 compare identical twins with fraternal twins.
- Adoption studies 收养研究 compare children with their biological and adoptive parents.
- Family studies 家族研究 track a trait through relatives who share different amounts of DNA.
研究者如何把两者分开
- 双生子研究(twin studies)比较同卵双生子与异卵双生子。
- 收养研究(adoption studies)把孩子分别与亲生父母和养父母比较。
- 家族研究(family studies)追踪某一特征在共享不同比例 DNA 的亲属中的表现。
If identical twins raised apart are still similar on a trait, that points to heredity. · 如果分开抚养的同卵双胞胎在某特征上仍然相似，这表明是遗传因素。
Same genes, different environments — so the remaining similarity is evidence for heredity. · 基因相同但环境不同——因此剩余的相似性是支持遗传的证据。
Reading a twin study
- If identical twins raised apart are still alike on a trait, heredity matters for it.
- If identical twins raised together differ, environment matters for it.
- Neither result ever proves that one side acts alone — it only shows how much each contributes.
读懂一项双生子研究
- 如果分开抚养的同卵双生子在某一特征上仍然相似,那么遗传对它有影响。
- 如果一起抚养的同卵双生子在某一特征上不同,那么环境对它有影响。
- 任何结果都不能证明某一方单独起作用——它只显示各方贡献了多少。
Two brothers are both tall. Their father is tall, so heredity contributes. But the younger brother, who grew up after the family's income rose, is 5 cm taller than his sibling — environment picked a different point inside the same inherited range.
两兄弟都很高。他们的父亲很高,因此遗传有贡献。但在家庭收入提高之后长大的弟弟比哥哥高 5 厘米——环境在同一个遗传范围内选定了不同的点。
Heredity and environment always interact. The evolutionary perspective explains behaviour by what helped ancestors survive. Twin, adoption and family studies are how psychologists estimate how much each side contributes.
遗传与环境始终相互作用。进化论视角以何者曾帮助祖先生存来解释行为。双生子研究、收养研究与家族研究是心理学家估算各方贡献多少的方法。