The Process of Charging · 起电过程
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| electron/ɪˈlektrɒn/ | 电子 | diàn zi |
That doorknob spark — where did the charge come from?
- Walk across a carpet and touch a doorknob: snap — a tiny shock.
- You picked up extra electrons 电子 from the carpet, then dumped them into the metal.
- Charging is really just electrons moving from one object to another.
- There are a few tidy ways to make an object charged.
门把手上的那一下火花——电荷从哪来的?
- 走过地毯再摸门把手:啪——一下小小的电击。
- 你从地毯上带走了多余的电子,然后把它们倒进了金属里。
- 充电其实就是电子从一个物体移动到另一个物体。
- 让物体带电有几种简洁的方式。
Charging by friction
- Rub two different materials together and electrons transfer from one to the other.
- One object ends up with extra electrons (negative), the other short of them (positive).
- The balloon-and-hair and carpet-and-shoe effects both work this way.
- No charge is created — it is only moved.
摩擦起电
- 把两种不同材料互相摩擦,电子从一个转移到另一个。
- 一个物体最终有多余的电子(负),另一个缺电子(正)。
- 气球与头发、地毯与鞋的效应都是这样。
- 没有电荷被创造——只是被移动了。
Rub up a charge · 摩擦起电
Rub the balloon and watch electrons transfer, then see it attract a wall or hair. · 摩擦气球并观察电子转移，然后看它如何吸引墙壁或头发。
Charging by friction transfers ____ from one material to the other. · 摩擦起电使____从一种材料转移到另一种材料。
Rubbing moves electrons; one object gains them, the other loses them. · 摩擦移动电子；一个物体获得电子，另一个失去电子。
Conduction and induction
- Charging by conduction — touch a charged object to a neutral one; charge flows across by contact.
- Charging by induction — bring a charge near (without touching), and it rearranges charge in the other object.
- Induction can leave a conductor charged even though nothing touched it.
- Both, like friction, only shuffle electrons around.
传导与感应
- 接触起电——让带电物体接触中性物体;电荷通过接触流过去。
- 感应起电——把电荷靠近(不接触),它就重新排布另一物体中的电荷。
- 感应可以让导体带电,即便什么都没接触。
- 两者和摩擦一样,都只是把电子挪来挪去。
Charging by induction differs from conduction because it: · 感应起电与接触起电的区别在于：
Induction rearranges charge by proximity — no contact is needed. · 感应通过邻近效应重新分布电荷——无需接触。
Select all · 所有 genuine methods of charging an object. · 选择所有真实的物体起电方法。
Friction, conduction and induction all charge objects. Heating alone does not. · 摩擦、接触和感应都能给物体充电。仅加热不能。
Charge is conserved
- Conservation of charge: charge is never created or destroyed, only transferred.
- If one object gains $-5\ \text{units}$, another gains $+5$ — the total is unchanged.
- In everyday charging it is always electrons that move (protons stay locked in nuclei).
- So a "positive" object is really one that has lost some electrons.
电荷守恒
- 电荷守恒:电荷既不被创造也不被毁灭,只被转移。
- 如果一个物体获得 $-5$ 单位,另一个就获得 $+5$——总量不变。
- 在日常充电中,移动的总是电子(质子锁在原子核里)。
- 所以"正"的物体其实是失去了一些电子的物体。
In ordinary charging, which particles actually move between objects? · 在普通的起电过程中，实际在物体间移动的粒子是什么？
Electrons transfer; protons stay locked in the nuclei. · 电子发生转移；质子被锁定在原子核内。
A positively charged object has: · 带正电的物体具有：
A positive object has lost electrons, leaving more protons than electrons. · 带正电的物体失去了电子，导致质子多于电子。
When one object gains negative charge, another object must lose the same amount. · 当一个物体获得负电荷时，另一个物体必须失去等量的电荷。
Charge is conserved: it is transferred, never created or destroyed. · 电荷守恒：电荷只能转移，不能被创造或消灭。
In ordinary charging, it is electrons that move — never protons. A positively charged object has lost electrons, not gained protons. And no charge is ever created: what one object gains, another loses (conservation of charge).
在普通充电中,移动的是电子——绝不是质子。带正电的物体是失去了电子,而非获得了质子。而且从不创造电荷:一个物体获得的,另一个就失去(电荷守恒)。
A glass rod is rubbed with silk and becomes positive with charge $+3\ \text{units}$.
- The rod lost $3\ \text{units}$ of electrons.
- The silk gained exactly $3\ \text{units}$ of electrons, becoming $-3$ — the total stays zero.
一根玻璃棒用丝绸摩擦后带正电,电荷为 $+3$ 单位。
- 棒失去了 $3$ 单位 的电子。
- 丝绸恰好获得了 $3$ 单位 的电子,变成 $-3$——总量保持零。
Charging moves electrons between objects — by friction (rubbing), conduction (contact) or induction (nearby, no contact). Charge is conserved: what one gains, another loses. A positive object has lost electrons, never gained protons.
充电在物体间移动电子——通过摩擦(蹭)、传导(接触)或感应(靠近、不接触)。电荷守恒:一个获得的,另一个失去。带正电的物体是失去了电子,绝非获得了质子。