International Trade and Public Policy · 国际贸易与公共政策
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| world price/wɜːld praɪs/ | 世界价格 | shì jiè jià gé |
| importer/ɪmˈpɔːtə/ | 进口国 | jìn kǒu guó |
| exporter/ekˈspɔːtə/ | 出口国 | chū kǒu guó |
| autarky/ˈɔːtɑːki/ | 自给自足 | zì jǐ zì zú |
| free trade/friː treɪd/ | 自由贸易 | zì yóu mào yì |
| tariff/ˈtærɪf/ | 关税 | guān shuì |
| deadweight loss/ˈdedweɪt lɒs/ | 无谓损失 | wú wèi sǔn shī |
| import quota/ɪmˈpɔːt ˈkwəʊtə/ | 进口配额 | jìn kǒu pèi é |
When a market opens to the world
- A country on its own trades at its domestic equilibrium price.
- Open the borders, and it can buy or sell at the world price 世界价格 instead.
- That single change reshuffles who gains and who loses at home.
- But for the country as a whole, trade makes the pie bigger.
当市场向世界打开
- 一个国家单独运行时,按它的国内均衡价格交易。
- 一旦打开边境,它就能改按世界价格(world price)买或卖。
- 这一个变化,重新洗牌了国内谁得益、谁受损。
- 但对整个国家来说,贸易把蛋糕做大了。
Importer or exporter?
- Under autarky 自给自足 a country does not trade — its price is just the domestic equilibrium.
- If the world price is below the domestic price → the country becomes an importer 进口国.
- If the world price is above the domestic price → it becomes an exporter 出口国.
- Free trade 自由贸易 raises total surplus for the country, even though one side gains and the other loses.
进口国还是出口国?
- 在自给自足(autarky)下,国家不贸易——价格就是国内均衡。
- 如果世界价格低于国内价格 → 国家成为进口国(importer)。
- 如果世界价格高于国内价格 → 它成为出口国(exporter)。
- 自由贸易(free trade)提高整个国家的总剩余,尽管一方得益、另一方受损。
Open up to world trade · 向世界贸易开放
When the world price is below the domestic price, a country imports; a tariff lifts the price back up, cutting imports and creating a deadweight loss. · 当世界价格低于国内价格时,国家进口;关税把价格抬回去,减少进口并造成无谓损失。
A country opens to trade and the world price is below its domestic price. It becomes an: · 一个国家开放贸易,世界价格低于其国内价格。它成为:
At the lower world price, buyers want more than domestic sellers supply, so the rest is imported. · 在更低的世界价格下,买家想要的比国内卖家提供的多,差额靠进口。
Free trade raises total surplus for a country, even though it helps one side and hurts the other. · 自由贸易提高一个国家的总剩余,尽管它帮了一方、伤了另一方。
The winners gain more than the losers lose, so total surplus rises. · 获益者的收益大于受损者的损失,所以总剩余上升。
A country that does not trade at all is in a state of ______. · 一个完全不贸易的国家处于______状态。
Under autarky the price is simply the domestic equilibrium price. · 在自给自足下,价格就是国内均衡价格。
Domestic steel costs 800 per tonne; the world price is 600. Opening to trade, the country: · 国内钢材每吨 800;世界价格是 600。开放贸易后,这个国家:
World price (600) is below domestic (800), so the country imports; buyers pay less and consumer surplus rises. · 世界价格(600)低于国内(800),所以进口;买家付得更少,消费者剩余上升。
Tariffs and quotas
- A tariff 关税 is a tax on imports. It raises the price, cuts the quantity traded, and creates a deadweight loss 无谓损失 — but earns the government revenue.
- An import quota 进口配额 is a legal limit on the quantity imported. It raises the price and causes a deadweight loss too, but the government earns no revenue.
- Both shrink total surplus below the free-trade level.
关税与配额
- 关税(tariff)是对进口征的税。它抬高价格、减少成交量、造成无谓损失(deadweight loss)——但为政府带来收入。
- 进口配额(import quota)是对进口数量的法定限制。它也抬高价格、造成无谓损失,但政府没有收入。
- 两者都把总剩余压到自由贸易水平之下。
Compared with a tariff, an import quota that raises the price by the same amount: · 与关税相比,一个把价格抬高相同幅度的进口配额:
A quota raises price like a tariff but the government collects no revenue — it goes to licence holders. · 配额像关税一样抬价,但政府无收入——收入归配额许可持有者。
Should a country restrict trade?
- Arguments for restrictions: protect new "infant" industries, save domestic jobs, and national security.
- Arguments against: higher prices for consumers, protection of inefficient firms, and lower total surplus.
- Economists usually conclude that free trade is better for society overall.
国家该不该限制贸易?
- 支持限制的理由:保护新生的"幼稚"产业、保住国内工作岗位、国家安全。
- 反对的理由:消费者面对更高价格、保护了低效企业、总剩余下降。
- 经济学家通常得出结论:对整个社会而言,自由贸易更好。
Select all · 所有 common arguments for trade restrictions. · 选出所有常见的支持贸易限制的理由。
Infant industry, jobs and security argue for restrictions; lower prices is an argument for free trade. · 幼稚产业、就业和安全是支持限制的理由;更低价格反而是支持自由贸易的理由。
Opening to the world price makes a country an importer (world price lower) or exporter (world price higher); free trade raises total surplus. A tariff (tax, earns revenue) or quota (limit, no revenue) both raise price and create a deadweight loss.
向世界价格开放,会使国家成为进口国(世界价更低)或出口国(世界价更高);自由贸易提高总剩余。关税(税,有收入)或配额(限量,无收入)都抬高价格并造成无谓损失。