Supply · 供给
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| supply/səˈplaɪ/ | 供给 | gōng jǐ |
| law of supply/lɔː ɒv səˈplaɪ/ | 供给定律 | gōng jǐ dìng lǜ |
| quantity supplied/ˈkwɒntɪti səˈplaɪd/ | 供给量 | gōng jǐ liàng |
| direct relationship/daɪˈrekt rɪˈleɪʃənʃɪp/ | 正向关系 | zhèng xiàng guān xì |
| marginal cost/ˈmɑːdʒɪnl kɒst/ | 边际成本 | biān jì chéng běn |
| technology/tekˈnɒlədʒi/ | 技术 | jì shù |
| inputs/ˈɪnpʊts/ | 投入 | tóu rù |
| subsidy/ˈsʌbsɪdi/ | 补贴 | bǔ tiē |
Why a higher price brings more sellers
- Offer more money for something, and more of it appears for sale.
- Farmers plant more, factories add a shift, sellers dig out old stock.
- Supply is the mirror image of demand — but it slopes the other way.
- It starts with the law of supply 供给定律.
为什么价格更高,卖家更多
- 为某样东西出更多钱,就会有更多它被拿出来卖。
- 农民多种地,工厂加一班,卖家翻出旧库存。
- 供给是需求的镜像——但它朝另一个方向倾斜。
- 一切从供给定律(law of supply)开始。
The law of supply
- Supply 供给 is the whole relationship between price and how much sellers offer at each price.
- Quantity supplied 供给量 is the amount offered at one price.
- The law of supply: price up → quantity supplied up; price down → quantity supplied down. A direct relationship 正向关系.
- The curve slopes up because making extra units adds to marginal cost 边际成本 — a higher price is needed to cover it.
供给定律
- 供给(supply)是价格与卖家在每个价格下愿意提供多少之间的整体关系。
- 供给量(quantity supplied)是在某一个价格下提供的量。
- 供给定律:价格上升 → 供给量上升;价格下降 → 供给量下降。这是一种正向关系(direct relationship)。
- 曲线向上倾斜,是因为多生产单位会增加边际成本(marginal cost)——需要更高的价格来补偿。
Supply and demand · 供给与需求
The supply curve slopes up — a higher price draws out more. Cheaper inputs or better technology shift the whole curve right. · 供给曲线向上倾斜——价格更高,供给更多。更便宜的投入或更好的技术会使整条曲线右移。
The law of supply says that, other things equal, when price rises the quantity supplied: · 供给定律说,其他条件相等,当价格上升时,供给量:
Price and quantity supplied move in the same direction — a direct relationship. · 价格与供给量方向相同——正向关系。
The supply curve slopes upward mainly because: · 供给曲线向上倾斜,主要是因为:
Each extra unit adds to marginal cost, so a higher price is needed to draw out more. · 每多一个单位都增加边际成本,所以需要更高的价格才能引出更多。
At a price of 6 dollars, Farm A offers 20 crates and Farm B offers 30 crates. What is the market quantity supplied at that price? · 在 6 美元的价格下,A 农场提供 20 箱,B 农场提供 30 箱。这个价格下的市场供给量是多少?
Market supply is horizontal summation: add quantities across sellers, $20 + 30 = 50$. · 市场供给是水平加总:把各卖家的数量相加,$20 + 30 = 50$。
Movement vs shift
- A change in the good's own price → a movement along the supply curve.
- A change in anything else → a shift of the whole curve.
Same trap as demand: only the good's own price moves you along the curve. Costs, technology, or taxes shift it. Label your diagram carefully.
沿曲线移动 vs 曲线移位
- 商品自身价格的变化 → 沿供给曲线移动。
- 其他任何因素的变化 → 整条曲线的移位。
和需求一样的陷阱:只有商品的自身价格让你沿曲线移动。成本、技术或税收会移动它。画图时把标签标清楚。
A fall in the price of raw materials causes a movement along the supply curve. · 原材料价格下降会引起沿供给曲线的移动。
Input prices are not the good's own price — cheaper inputs shift the whole curve right. · 投入品价格不是商品自身价格——更便宜的投入会使整条曲线右移。
What shifts supply — TITEN
- Technology 技术: better technology lowers cost → supply right.
- Input prices: cheaper inputs 投入 → supply right; dearer inputs → left.
- Taxes and subsidies 补贴: a tax on the seller shifts supply left; a subsidy shifts it right.
- Expectations of higher prices later → supply less now. Number of sellers rises → supply right.
什么会移动供给 —— TITEN
- T 技术(technology):更好的技术降低成本 → 供给右移。
- I 投入品价格(input prices):投入更便宜 → 供给右移;更贵 → 左移。
- T 税收与补贴(subsidies):对卖家征税使供给左移;补贴使它右移。
- E 预期(expectations)未来涨价 → 现在少供给。N 卖家数量(number of sellers)增加 → 供给右移。
A government payment of a fixed amount per unit to sellers is a , which shifts supply right. · 政府按每单位向卖家支付固定金额,叫做,它使供给右移。
A subsidy lowers sellers' costs, shifting the supply curve to the right. · 补贴降低卖家成本,使供给曲线右移。
Select all · 所有 that shift the supply curve to the right · 精准的 (increase supply). · 选出所有使供给曲线右移(供给增加)的因素。
Technology, cheaper inputs and more sellers raise supply; a tax shifts it left. · 技术、更便宜的投入和更多卖家增加供给;税收使它左移。
Supply slopes up (the law of supply) because rising marginal cost needs a higher price. The good's own price = a movement along; any other factor (TITEN) = a shift of the whole curve.
供给向上倾斜(供给定律),因为递增的边际成本需要更高的价格。商品的自身价格 = 沿曲线移动;其他任何因素(TITEN)= 整条曲线的移位。