Equilibrium in the AD-AS Model · 总需求—总供给（AD–AS）模型中的均衡
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| AD-AS model/ˌeɪ ˈdiː ˌeɪ ˈes ˈmɒdl/ | 总需求-总供给模型 | zǒng xū qiú - zǒng gōng jǐ mó xíng |
| short-run macroeconomic equilibrium/ʃɔːt rʌn ˌmækrəˌriːkəˈnɒmɪk ˌiːkwɪˈlɪbrɪəm/ | 短期宏观经济均衡 | duǎn qī hóng guān jīng jì jūn héng |
| full-employment equilibrium/fʊl emˈplɔɪmənt ˌiːkwɪˈlɪbrɪəm/ | 充分就业均衡 | chōng fèn jiù yè jūn héng |
| recessionary gap/rɪˈseʃənəri ɡæp/ | 衰退缺口 | shuāi tuì quē kǒu |
| inflationary gap/ɪnˈfleɪʃənəri ɡæp/ | 通货膨胀缺口 | tōng huò péng zhàng quē kǒu |
Demand and supply, for the whole economy
- Put aggregate demand and aggregate supply on one diagram.
- Where they cross sets the economy's price level and real output.
- Add the vertical LRAS, and you can see whether the economy is healthy.
- This is the AD-AS model 总需求-总供给模型.
整个经济的需求与供给
- 把总需求和总供给画在一张图上。
- 它们相交之处,决定经济的价格水平和实际产出。
- 再加上竖直的 LRAS,你就能看出经济是否健康。
- 这就是总需求-总供给模型(AD-AS model)。
Short-run equilibrium
- Short-run macroeconomic equilibrium 短期宏观经济均衡 is where AD crosses SRAS.
- There, the output buyers want equals the output firms make — no pressure to change.
- Read the equilibrium price level off the vertical axis and real output off the horizontal.
短期均衡
- 短期宏观经济均衡(short-run macroeconomic equilibrium)是 AD 与 SRAS 相交之处。
- 在那里,买者想要的产出等于企业生产的产出——没有改变的压力。
- 从纵轴读出均衡价格水平,从横轴读出实际产出。
The AD-AS model · 总需求—总供给模型
Short-run equilibrium is where AD meets SRAS. Compare it to LRAS — below potential is a recessionary gap, above is an inflationary gap. · 短期均衡在 AD 与 SRAS 相遇处。把它与 LRAS 相比:低于潜在是衰退缺口,高于是通货膨胀缺口。
Short-run macroeconomic equilibrium is where: · 短期宏观经济均衡在何处:
Where AD meets SRAS, the output demanded equals the output supplied in the short run. · AD 与 SRAS 相遇处,短期内需求的产出等于供给的产出。
Three cases and the output gap
- Compare where the economy is (AD-SRAS crossing) with where it could sustainably be (LRAS).
- Output equals potential → full-employment equilibrium 充分就业均衡, no gap.
- Output below potential → a recessionary gap 衰退缺口, unemployment above natural.
- Output above potential → an inflationary gap 通货膨胀缺口, prices being pushed up.
三种情形与产出缺口
- 把经济所在(AD-SRAS 交点)与它可持续所能达到(LRAS)相比。
- 产出等于潜在 → 充分就业均衡(full-employment equilibrium),无缺口。
- 产出低于潜在 → 衰退缺口(recessionary gap),失业高于自然率。
- 产出高于潜在 → 通货膨胀缺口(inflationary gap),价格被推高。
If short-run equilibrium output is below potential (LRAS), the economy has: · 如果短期均衡产出低于潜在(LRAS),经济存在:
Output below potential means high unemployment — a recessionary gap. · 产出低于潜在意味着高失业——衰退缺口。
When equilibrium output equals potential output, the economy is at ______-employment equilibrium. · 当均衡产出等于潜在产出时,经济处于______就业均衡。
At full employment, AD, SRAS, and LRAS all meet at one point with no gap. · 充分就业时,AD、SRAS 和 LRAS 相交于一点,没有缺口。
An inflationary gap means equilibrium output is above potential output. · 通货膨胀缺口意味着均衡产出高于潜在产出。
Above potential, the economy over-produces beyond what is sustainable, pushing prices up. · 高于潜在时,经济超出可持续水平过度生产,把价格推高。
Match each equilibrium to its gap. · 把每种均衡与它的缺口配对。
Compare the AD-SRAS crossing with LRAS to name the gap. · 把 AD-SRAS 交点与 LRAS 相比,即可说出缺口。
A worked case
- Worked idea. LRAS (potential output) stands at 1,000b. AD and SRAS cross at 920b.
- Because 920 is less than 1,000, the economy has a recessionary gap of 80b.
- It is producing 80b below its sustainable capacity, so unemployment is above the natural rate.
- Had the crossing been at 1,060b, it would instead have an inflationary gap of 60b.
一个例子
- 例题。 LRAS(潜在产出)位于 1,000 十亿。AD 与 SRAS 相交于 920 十亿。
- 因为 920 小于 1,000,经济存在 80 十亿的衰退缺口。
- 它比可持续能力少生产 80 十亿,所以失业高于自然率。
- 如果交点在 1,060 十亿,它则有 60 十亿的通货膨胀缺口。
Potential output (LRAS) is 1,000 and AD-SRAS cross at 920. What is the output gap? (keep the sign) · 潜在产出(LRAS)是 1,000,AD-SRAS 相交于 920。产出缺口是多少?(保留符号)
Output gap = 920 − 1,000 = −80 — a recessionary gap of 80. · 产出缺口 = 920 − 1,000 = −80——80 的衰退缺口。
The AD-AS model finds short-run equilibrium where AD meets SRAS. Compare it to LRAS (potential output): equal = full employment, below = a recessionary gap, above = an inflationary gap. The gap's size is the horizontal distance to LRAS.
AD-AS 模型在 AD 与 SRAS 相遇处找到短期均衡。把它与 LRAS(潜在产出)相比:相等 = 充分就业,低于 = 衰退缺口,高于 = 通货膨胀缺口。缺口大小是到 LRAS 的水平距离。