Individual and State, Rewritten · 个人与国家，重写
The four threads, measured
- Total war and political instability gave way to a polarised state order during the Cold War and eventually to efforts at transnational union.
- The stresses of economic collapse and total war engendered internal conflicts and created conflicting conceptions of the relationship between the individual and the state.
- Movements questioned the existence of objective knowledge, the ability of reason to arrive at truth, and the role of religion in determining moral standards.
被测量的四条线索
- 总体战与政治动荡让位于冷战期间两极化的国家秩序,并最终让位于跨国联合的种种努力。
- 经济崩溃与总体战的压力引发了内部冲突,并造就了关于个人与国家关系的相互冲突的构想。
- 各种运动质疑客观知识的存在、理性抵达真理的能力,以及宗教在确定道德标准中的作用。
The three ideologies disagreed about... · 三种意识形态就...存在分歧...
All three enlarged the state. · 三者均扩大了国家的权力。
The state grew in every version
- Total war made every belligerent state mobilise labour, industry, food and opinion — and the ministries outlasted the wars.
- 6.9's liberalism had already shifted to intervention; the Depression pushed it further in the democracies.
- So a claim worth making is that all three ideologies enlarged the state, and they disagreed about why, not whether.
在每一个版本里国家都在扩张
- 总体战使每一个交战国都动员了劳动力、工业、食物与舆论——而那些部门比战争活得更久。
- 6.9 的自由主义早已转向干预;大萧条在民主国家中把它推得更远。
- 因此一个值得提出的主张是:三种意识形态都扩大了国家,它们的分歧在于为什么,而不是要不要。
Match each ideology to the ground it claimed for state authority. · 将每种意识形态与其声称的国家权威基础相匹配。
8.3 and 8.9 record the second and third in the CED's own words. · 8.3和8.9用CED原话记录了第二和第三项。
What each ideology claimed
- Democracy kept consent as the ground of authority while conceding the state a far larger role than in 1815.
- Communism grounded the state in a theory of history: 8.3's regime based on Marxist-Leninist theory.
- Fascism grounded it in nation and race, and 8.9 records where that led.
每种意识形态各自的主张
- 民主保留同意作为权威的基础,同时承认国家扮演着远比 1815 年更大的角色。
- 共产主义把国家奠基于一套历史理论:8.3 中那个建立在马克思列宁主义理论之上的政权。
- 法西斯主义把它奠基于民族与种族,而 8.9 记录了那通向何处。
Which ground for the state's authority? · 国家权威的基础是什么？
Sort each claim by the ideology that makes it. · 按意识形态归属对每项主张进行分类。
The ministries built for total war outlasted the wars. · 为全面战争建立的政府部门存续时间超过了战争本身。
Which is how war changed the individual's relationship to the state. · 这就是战争如何改变个人与国家的关系。
All three ideologies enlarged the state. Democracy, communism and fascism disagreed about why the state should command, not whether it should — total war made every belligerent mobilise its whole society, and the ministries outlasted the wars.
三种意识形态都扩大了国家。民主、共产主义与法西斯主义的分歧在于国家为什么可以命令,而不在于它要不要命令——总体战使每一个交战国都动员了整个社会,而那些部门比战争活得更久。
The continuity is the question 4.3 asked: on what basis may a state command an ? · 连续性即问题4.3所问：国家以何种基础命令一名？
Naming it turns a century of events into an argument with a history. · 命名它将一个世纪的事件转化为一段有历史的论证。
Economic challenge, ideological answer
- The objective pairs economic challenges with ideological beliefs as joint influences on prior conceptions.
- The Depression was the shared challenge; the three answers to it are the ideological battle.
- That pairing is the cleanest structure available for the whole unit.
经济挑战,意识形态回答
- 这一目标把经济挑战与意识形态信念并列,作为对既有构想的共同影响。
- 大萧条是共同的挑战;对它的三种回答就是那场意识形态之争。
- 这种配对,是本单元可用的最清爽的结构。
The cleanest structure for this objective pairs... · 此目标最清晰的结构配对...
The Depression was the challenge; the battle is the answers. · 大萧条是挑战；战役即是解答。
Writing continuity and change
- Change: the state does more, claims more, and is argued for on three incompatible grounds.
- Continuity: the question itself is the one 4.3 asked — on what basis may a state command an individual?
- Naming that continuity is what turns a century of events into an argument with a history.
书写延续与变化
- 变化:国家做得更多、要求得更多,并被以三种互不相容的理由加以论证。
- 延续:这个问题本身,正是 4.3 所提出的那一个——国家凭什么可以命令一个个人?
- 点出这一延续,正是把一个世纪的事件变成一场有历史的论争的方式。
Compare a ministry list from 1913 with one from 1945. Rationing, conscription, propaganda, planning and welfare appear on the second under every flag. The arguments about legitimacy differ completely; the size of the apparatus does not.
把 1913 年的部门清单与 1945 年的相比。配给、征兵、宣传、计划与福利在后者中出现在每一面旗帜之下。关于正当性的论证完全不同;而机构的规模并无二致。
By 1945, total war and political instability had given way to a polarised state order, and the stresses of economic collapse and total war created conflicting conceptions of the relationship between the individual and the state. All three ideologies enlarged the state and differed over why it might command: democracy on consent, communism on a theory of history, fascism on nation and race. The continuity is 4.3's question itself.
到 1945 年,总体战与政治动荡已让位于两极化的国家秩序,而经济崩溃与总体战的压力造就了关于个人与国家关系的相互冲突的构想。三种意识形态都扩大了国家,而分歧在于它为什么可以命令:民主诉诸同意、共产主义诉诸一套历史理论、法西斯主义诉诸民族与种族。延续之处,正是 4.3 那个问题本身。