Motives and Means · 动机与手段
Three kinds of motive
- European nations were driven by economic, political, and cultural motivations in their new imperial ventures in Asia and Africa.
- Three categories, and the CED gives no ranking — an answer naming only economics has taken a third of the claim.
- New matters too: this is intensification, not a first arrival, as 7.1 already said.
三类动机
- 欧洲各国在其亚洲与非洲的新帝国事业中,受经济的、政治的与文化的动机所驱动。
- 三个类别,而 CED 没有给出排序——只点出经济的答案,只取了这一主张的三分之一。
- 新的也很重要:这是强化,不是首次到来,正如 7.1 已经说过的。
Select all · 所有 three categories of motive the CED names. · 选择CED指名的所有三类动机。
The CED gives no ranking among them. · CED未对其进行排名。
Weaponry made conquest cheap
- The development of advanced weaponry ensured the military advantage of Europeans over colonised areas.
- Ensured is strong — the CED is saying the outcome of the encounter was decided by the equipment.
- Unit 6's industry is what produced that equipment, so imperialism is an industrial consequence.
武器装备使征服变得低廉
- 先进武器装备的发展,确保了欧洲人对被殖民地区的军事优势。
- 确保是个强词——CED 是在说这场遭遇的结局由装备所决定。
- 第六单元的工业正是生产了这些装备之物,因此帝国主义是一项工业后果。
The CED says advanced weaponry ____ the military advantage. · CED称先进武器____确保了军事优势。
A strong word: the outcome was decided by the equipment. · 一个强有力的词：结果由装备决定。
Communication and transport made empire administrable
- Communication and transportation technologies facilitated the creation and expansion of European empires.
- Conquest is one problem; holding a territory a month's travel away is a different one.
- Telegraph and steamship shrink that month, which is what turns a conquest into an empire.
通讯与运输使帝国可被管理
- 通讯与运输技术促进了欧洲帝国的建立与扩张。
- 征服是一个问题;守住一块需要一个月路程才能抵达的领地,是另一个问题。
- 电报与蒸汽船压缩了这一个月,而这正是把一次征服变成一个帝国的东西。
Match each technology to the problem it solved. · 将每项技术与它所解决的问题相匹配。
Three distinct parts of a technological answer. · 技术答案的三个独立部分
A motive and an enabler answer different questions. The CED asks separately for the motivations that led to European imperialism and how technological advances enabled it — a motive explains why the attempt was made; an enabler explains why it succeeded.
动机与使能条件回答的是不同的问题。CED 分别追问导致欧洲帝国主义的诸动机,以及技术进步如何使它成为可能——动机解释为何作出这一尝试;使能条件解释它为何成功。
A motive, or which enabler? · 动机还是哪种促成因素？
Sort each element of the new imperialism. · 对新帝国主义的每个要素进行排序。
'New imperial ventures' indicates intensification rather than a first arrival. · “新帝国冒险”表明的是强化而非首次出现。
As 7.1's thread already said. · 正如7.1的主题线所述。
Medicine made presence possible
- Advances in medicine enabled European survival in Africa and Asia.
- Enabled survival is a blunt statement: before this, disease limited how long Europeans could stay.
- So a technological answer has three distinct parts — winning, governing, and staying alive.
医学使驻留成为可能
- 医学的进步使欧洲人得以在非洲与亚洲生存。
- 使……得以生存是一句直白的陈述:在此之前,疾病限制了欧洲人能够停留多久。
- 因此一个技术性的答案有三个不同的部分——取胜、治理,以及活下来。
The commonest error in this subtopic is... · 该子话题中最常见的错误是...
A motive explains why; an enabler explains why it succeeded. · 动机解释原因；促进因素解释为何成功。
Motivations and enablers are different questions
- 7.6 carries two objectives: the motivations that led to imperialism, and how technological advances enabled it.
- A motive explains why someone tries; an enabler explains why the attempt succeeded.
- Answering the enabler question with motives, or the reverse, is the commonest error here.
动机与使能条件是不同的问题
- 7.6 承载两个目标:导致帝国主义的诸动机,以及技术进步如何使它成为可能。
- 动机解释的是某人为何去尝试;使能条件解释的是这次尝试为何成功。
- 用动机回答使能条件的问题,或者反过来,是这里最常见的错误。
Wanting a territory explains an expedition being sent. It does not explain the expedition arriving, holding what it took, or its members living long enough to govern it. Three different technologies answer those three questions, and none of them is a motive.
想要一块领地,解释了为何派出一支远征队。它并不解释这支远征队为何抵达、为何守住了所夺之物,或者其成员为何活得足够久以至于能够治理它。三种不同的技术回答这三个问题,而它们中没有一个是动机。
European nations were driven by economic, political, and cultural motivations in their new imperial ventures in Asia and Africa — three categories, unranked. Technology enabled them: advanced weaponry ensured the military advantage, communication and transportation technologies facilitated the creation and expansion of empires, and advances in medicine enabled European survival in Africa and Asia.
欧洲各国在其亚洲与非洲的新帝国事业中,受经济的、政治的与文化的动机所驱动——三个类别,没有排序。技术使它们成为可能:先进武器装备确保了军事优势,通讯与运输技术促进了帝国的建立与扩张,而医学的进步使欧洲人得以在非洲与亚洲生存。