Unification and Alliance · 统一与同盟
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| Bismarck used Realpolitik/ˈbɪsmɑːk juːzd ˈrɪəlpəlɪtɪk/ | 现实政治 | xiàn shí zhèng zhì |
A war that cleared the ground
- The Crimean War demonstrated the weakness of the Ottoman Empire and contributed to the breakdown of the Concert of Europe, thereby creating the conditions in which Italy and Germany could be unified after centuries of fragmentation.
- The CED's logic is explicit: a war weakened a system, and the weakened system created the conditions for unification.
- So Italian and German unification are not primarily stories of national feeling — they are stories of an opening.
一场清出场地的战争
- 克里米亚战争暴露了奥斯曼帝国的虚弱,并助推了欧洲协调的崩解,从而创造了意大利与德意志在数百年分裂之后得以统一的条件。
- CED 的逻辑很明确:一场战争削弱了一个体系,而被削弱的体系创造了条件,使统一成为可能。
- 因此意大利与德意志的统一,首先不是民族情感的故事——它们是一个机会窗口的故事。
The Crimean War mattered for unification because it... · 克里米亚战争对统一之所以重要,是因为它……
It exposed Ottoman weakness and contributed to the Concert's breakdown. · 它暴露了奥斯曼的虚弱,并助推了协调体系的崩解。
Italy: diplomacy plus campaigns
- Cavour's diplomatic strategies, combined with the popular Garibaldi's military campaigns, led to the unification of Italy.
- Two agents with two methods, and the CED joins them with combined with rather than ranking them.
- One works among governments, the other among people — which is why neither alone is the answer.
意大利:外交加上战役
- 加富尔的外交策略,与广受欢迎的加里波第的军事战役相结合,导致了意大利的统一。
- 两位行动者,两种方法,而 CED 用相结合把它们连起来,而不是给它们排名。
- 一位在各国政府之间行动,另一位在民众之间行动——这正是任何一方单独都不构成答案的原因。
Match each Italian figure to his method. · 把每位意大利人物与他的方法配对。
The CED joins them with 'combined with', not by ranking them. · CED 用"相结合"把他们连起来,而不是给他们排名。
Germany: Realpolitik, itemised
- Bismarck used Realpolitik 现实政治, employing diplomacy, industrialised warfare, weaponry, and the manipulation of democratic mechanisms to unify Germany.
- Four instruments listed, and the last one is the most revealing: democratic forms used as a tool.
- Industrialised warfare also ties unit 6 to this one — the railway and the steel mill are strategic assets.
德意志:被逐项列出的现实政治
- 俾斯麦使用现实政治(Realpolitik),运用外交、工业化战争、武器装备,以及对民主机制的操纵来统一德意志。
- 列出了四种手段,而最后一种最能说明问题:民主形式被当作工具使用。
- 工业化战争也把第六单元与本单元连在一起——铁路与钢厂是战略资产。
Follow a peace system into two blocs · 看一个和平体系变成两个阵营
Bismarck's alliances were built to prevent a general war, and the turning point is a dismissal. · 俾斯麦的同盟本是为防止全面战争而建,转折点却是一次罢免。
Select all · 所有 four instruments of Bismarck's Realpolitik the CED lists. · 选出 CED 所列俾斯麦现实政治的全部四种手段。
The last is the most revealing: democratic forms used as a tool. · 最后一项最能说明问题:民主形式被当作工具使用。
The CED makes unification a story of opportunity, not only of feeling. The Crimean War demonstrated Ottoman weakness and contributed to the Concert's breakdown, thereby creating the conditions in which Italy and Germany could be unified — the national sentiment existed before; the opening did not.
**CED 把统一写成一个关于机会的故事,而不只是关于情感。**克里米亚战争暴露了奥斯曼的虚弱并助推了协调体系的崩解,从而创造了意大利与德意志得以统一的条件——民族情感此前就已存在;机会窗口则不然。
After Bismarck's dismissal in 1890 the alliance system became... · 1890 年俾斯麦被免职之后,同盟体系变成……
The same instrument, opposite effect. · 同一种手段,相反的效果。
Alliances, and their reversal
- After 1871, Bismarck attempted to maintain the balance of power through a complex system of alliances directed at isolating France.
- Bismarck's dismissal in 1890 eventually led to a system of mutually antagonistic alliances and heightened international tensions.
- One architect's system aimed outward at one rival; its successor was mutually antagonistic — the same instrument, opposite effect.
同盟,以及它的逆转
- 1871 年之后,俾斯麦试图通过一套旨在孤立法国的复杂同盟体系来维持均势。
- 1890 年俾斯麦被免职,最终导致了一套相互敌对的同盟体系与国际紧张关系的加剧。
- 一位设计者的体系向外针对一个对手;它的后继者则是相互敌对的——同一种手段,相反的效果。
Nationalist tensions in the Balkans ____ the Great Powers into a series of crises. · 巴尔干的民族主义紧张局势把列强 ____ 了一系列危机。
The powers are described as pulled by a local situation, not choosing it. · 列强被描述为被一个地方局势所牵引,而不是主动选择了它。
The Balkans draw everyone in
- Nationalist tensions in the Balkans drew the Great Powers into a series of crises, leading up to World War I.
- Drew... into is the key phrase: the powers are described as pulled by a local situation, not choosing it.
- That is the whole mechanism of unit 8's opening, stated here in a single sentence.
巴尔干把所有人卷了进来
- 巴尔干的民族主义紧张局势把列强拖入了一系列危机,并一路通向第一次世界大战。
- 拖入是关键短语:列强被描述为被一个地方局势所牵引,而不是主动选择了它。
- 那就是第八单元开篇的整个机制,在这里用一句话说了出来。
A system of alliances designed to isolate one rival keeps the peace as long as one hand holds all the strings. Hand the strings to several people with different aims and the same web becomes a mechanism for pulling everyone into any quarrel.
一套为孤立某一个对手而设计的同盟体系,只要所有的线都握在一只手里,就能维持和平。把这些线交给目标各异的几个人,同一张网就变成了把所有人拖进任何一场争吵的机器。
The Crimean War demonstrated Ottoman weakness and contributed to the Concert's breakdown, thereby creating the conditions for unification. Cavour's diplomatic strategies combined with Garibaldi's military campaigns unified Italy; Bismarck used Realpolitik — diplomacy, industrialised warfare, weaponry, and the manipulation of democratic mechanisms — to unify Germany. After 1871 his alliances aimed at isolating France; after his dismissal in 1890 they became mutually antagonistic, and nationalist tensions in the Balkans drew the Great Powers into a series of crises.
克里米亚战争暴露了奥斯曼的虚弱并助推了协调体系的崩解,从而创造了统一的条件。加富尔的外交策略与加里波第的军事战役相结合统一了意大利;俾斯麦使用现实政治——外交、工业化战争、武器装备,以及对民主机制的操纵——统一了德意志。1871 年后他的同盟旨在孤立法国;在他1890 年被免职之后,这些同盟变成相互敌对的,而巴尔干的民族主义紧张局势把列强拖入了一系列危机。