Movements for Reform · 改革运动
A short claim with a wide reach
- Political movements and social organisations responded to problems of industrialisation.
- One sentence, and it covers the third thread's collective responses — the middle term between ideas and government action.
- So the unit of analysis here is the organisation, not the thinker and not the state.
一句简短却涵盖广泛的主张
- 政治运动与社会组织回应了工业化的诸多问题。
- 一句话,它涵盖了第三条线索中的集体回应——介于观念与政府行动之间的中间项。
- 因此这里的分析单位是组织,既不是思想家,也不是国家。
The unit of analysis in 6.8 is... · 6.8单元的分析单位是……
The middle term between ideas and government action. · 连接理念与政府行动的中项。
What a movement adds to an idea
- 6.7's ideologies are arguments; a movement is an argument with members, funds, a newspaper and a meeting.
- 6.4 already supplied the raw material: mutual aid societies and trade unions, and the middle-class associations.
- So the same institutions that built class identity become the vehicles of reform.
运动为观念增添了什么
- 6.7 的诸意识形态是论证;而运动是拥有成员、经费、报纸与集会的论证。
- 6.4 已经提供了原料:互助会与工会,以及中产阶级的团体。
- 因此那些建立了阶级身份认同的机构,变成了改革的载体。
The objective says these movements ____ from intellectual developments. · 该目标指出这些运动____源自思想发展。
6.7's ideas are upstream of 6.8's organisations. · 6.7的理念位于6.8的组织之前游。
Movements shape what governments do
- 6.9's reforms are described as motivated by public opinion, prominent individuals, and charity organisations.
- That is 6.8 seen from the government's side: the organisations are the pressure and the reforms are the answer.
- So the two subtopics are one process described from two ends.
运动塑造政府的作为
- 6.9 中的改革被描述为受公众舆论、知名人士与慈善组织所推动。
- 那正是从政府一侧看到的 6.8:这些组织是压力,而改革是回答。
- 因此这两个小节是同一个过程从两端被描述。
The idea, the organisation, or the response? · 理念、组织还是回应？
Sort each stage of reform. · 对每个改革阶段进行排序。
Select all · 所有 the 6.4 institutions that became vehicles of reform. · 选择所有成为改革载体的6.4单元机构。
The same institutions that built class identity. · 构建阶级认同的同一机构。
"Resulted from intellectual developments" is a causal claim. The objective places 6.7's ideas upstream of these movements, so an answer that lists organisations without connecting them to an argument has left out the link the CED asked for.
"源于思想发展"是一项因果主张。这一目标把 6.7 的观念置于这些运动的上游,因此只罗列组织而不把它们与某个论证联系起来的答案,漏掉了 CED 所要求的那个环节。
Select all · 所有 the forces 6.9 says motivated governments. · 选择所有6.9单元提到的促使政府采取行动的力量。
That is 6.8 seen from the government's side. · 这是从政府视角看6.8的内容。
What the problems were
- 6.4 named them: overcrowding, child and female labour, poor diet, weakened communities.
- 6.4 also named the improvements — higher wages, restricting laws, welfare programmes — that these movements pressed for.
- So an answer here should cite a specific problem and a specific improvement, both from the CED's own lists.
那些问题是什么
- 6.4 已经点出了它们:过度拥挤、童工与女工劳动、糟糕的饮食、被削弱的社区。
- 6.4 也点出了这些运动所争取的改善——更高的工资、限制性的法律、福利计划。
- 因此这里的答案应当引用一个具体的问题与一项具体的改善,两者都出自 CED 自己的清单。
Put the shape of a strong answer in order. · 将强答案的结构按顺序排列。
Idea → organisation → demand → response. · 理念 → 组织 → 诉求 → 回应。
Movements resulting from intellectual developments
- The objective is the various movements and calls for social reform that resulted from intellectual developments.
- Resulted from is a causal claim: 6.7's ideas are upstream of 6.8's organisations.
- So the shape of an answer is idea → organisation → demand → (in 6.9) government response.
源于思想发展的诸运动
- 这一目标是源于思想发展的各种运动与社会改革呼声。
- 源于是一项因果主张:6.7 的观念在 6.8 的组织的上游。
- 因此答案的形状是:观念 → 组织 → 诉求 →(在 6.9 中)政府的回应。
A claim about who should be allowed to vote sits in a pamphlet for a decade and changes nothing. The same claim, once it has a subscription list, a hall and a weekly paper, arrives at a minister's desk as a petition. Nothing about the argument changed.
一项关于谁应当被允许投票的主张,在一本小册子里躺了十年,什么也没改变。同一项主张,一旦有了订阅名单、一间会堂与一份周报,就会作为一份请愿书送到大臣的案头。论证本身没有任何改变。
Political movements and social organisations responded to problems of industrialisation — the third thread's collective responses, sitting between 6.7's ideas and 6.9's government action. The mutual aid societies, trade unions and middle-class associations of 6.4 became the vehicles of reform, and 6.9 records governments motivated by public opinion, prominent individuals, and charity organisations — the same process seen from the other end.
政治运动与社会组织回应了工业化的诸多问题——这是第三条线索中的集体回应,位于 6.7 的观念与 6.9 的政府行动之间。6.4 中的互助会、工会与中产阶级团体成为改革的载体,而 6.9 记录了受公众舆论、知名人士与慈善组织推动的政府——同一个过程从另一端被看见。