Enlightenment Thought · 启蒙思想
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| A variety of institutions, including salons/ə vəˈraɪəti ɒv ˌɪnstɪˈtjuːʃnz ɪnˈkluːdɪŋ ˈsælɒnz/ | 沙龙 | shā lóng |
| Intellectuals, including Voltaire and Diderot, developed new philosophies of deism | 自然神论 | zì rán shén lùn |
A method turned on the human world
- Enlightenment thought, which focused on concepts such as empiricism, scepticism, human reason, rationalism and classical sources of knowledge, challenged the prevailing patterns of thought with respect to social order, institutions of government, and the role of faith.
- Five concepts and three targets, all in one sentence.
- Intellectuals, including Voltaire and Diderot, began to apply the principles of the Scientific Revolution to society and human institutions.
一种被转向人间世界的方法
- 启蒙思想关注经验主义、怀疑主义、人的理性、理性主义与古典知识来源等概念,挑战了在社会秩序、政府制度与信仰角色方面占主导的思想模式。
- 一句话里有五个概念与三个对象。
- 包括伏尔泰与狄德罗在内的知识分子,开始把科学革命的原则应用于社会与人的制度。
Select all · 所有 the concepts the CED says Enlightenment thought focused on. · 选择CED所述启蒙思想关注的所有概念。
Divine right is what the political theories replaced. · 君权神授是被政治理论取代的对象。
New political models
- Locke and Rousseau developed new political models based on the concept of natural rights and the social contract.
- Political theories, including John Locke's, conceived of society as composed of individuals driven by self-interest and argued that the state originated in the consent of the governed rather than in divine right or tradition.
- So the target is precisely 1.5's and 3.7's justification for rule — the CED names divine right as what is being replaced.
新的政治模型
- 洛克与卢梭发展出以自然权利与社会契约概念为基础的新政治模型。
- 包括约翰·洛克在内的政治理论,把社会设想为由受自利驱动的个人所组成,并主张国家源自被统治者的同意,而不是源自君权神授或传统。
- 因此其对象恰恰是 1.5 与 3.7 中统治的正当性依据——CED 点名了君权神授作为被取代的对象。
Locke argued the state originated in... · 洛克认为国家起源于……
Rather than in divine right or tradition — the CED names both. · 而非源于君权神授或传统——CED同时指出了这两者。
Equality had a stated limit
- Despite the principles of equality espoused by the Enlightenment and the French Revolution, intellectuals such as Rousseau offered controversial arguments for the exclusion of women from political life.
- The CED states this as part of the Enlightenment, not as an external criticism of it.
- So the exclusion is evidence for 4.1's not unchallenged, and it comes from inside the movement.
平等有一个被写明的限度
- 尽管启蒙运动与法国大革命主张平等原则,像卢梭这样的知识分子却提出了把女性排除在政治生活之外的、颇具争议的论证。
- CED 把这一点作为启蒙运动的一部分来陈述,而不是作为对它的外部批评。
- 因此这种排除是 4.1 中"并非未受挑战"的证据,而且它来自这场运动内部。
A target, a new model, or a limit stated by the CED? · 目标、新模式还是CED陈述的限制？
Sort each element of Enlightenment thought. · 对启蒙思想的每个要素进行分类。
The CED presents the exclusion of women as an outside criticism of the Enlightenment. · CED将女性的排斥呈现为对启蒙运动的场外批评。
It states it as part of the movement — evidence for 4.1's not unchallenged. · 它将其表述为运动的一部分——证明4.1中未受挑战的证据。
The exclusion of women is stated as part of the Enlightenment, not as an outside criticism of it. The CED writes that despite the principles of equality, intellectuals such as Rousseau argued for it — which makes it evidence from inside the movement for 4.1's not unchallenged.
把女性排除在外这一点,是作为启蒙运动的一部分被陈述的,而不是对它的外部批评。CED 写的是尽管有平等原则,像卢梭这样的知识分子仍为此作了论证——这使它成为来自运动内部的、支持 4.1 中"并非未受挑战"的证据。
Adam Smith's new economic ideas challenged ____ theory and practice. · 亚当·斯密的新经济思想挑战了____理论和实践。
The doctrine that gave the state a role in commerce in 1.6. · 1.6中赋予国家商业角色的教义。
And a new economics
- Mercantilist theory and practice were challenged by new economic ideas, including Adam Smith's, which espoused free trade and a free market.
- So 1.6's mercantilism — the doctrine that gave the state a role in commerce — is now itself a target.
- The same method that unseated Galen and divine right is turned on economic policy.
以及一种新的经济学
- 重商主义的理论与实践,受到包括亚当·斯密在内的新经济观念的挑战,后者主张自由贸易与自由市场。
- 因此 1.6 中的重商主义——那条赋予国家商业角色的学说——如今自身成了对象。
- 那把扳倒了盖伦与君权神授的方法,如今被转向经济政策。
Select all · 所有 the religious developments the CED names. · 选择CED提到的所有宗教发展。
Religion was increasingly viewed as private rather than public. · 宗教越来越被视为私事而非公事。
Where the ideas circulated
- A variety of institutions, including salons 沙龙, explored and disseminated Enlightenment culture.
- Intellectuals, including Voltaire and Diderot, developed new philosophies of deism 自然神论, scepticism and atheism, and religion was viewed increasingly as a matter of private rather than public concern.
- That last shift is a direct consequence of unit 2: a century of religious war made privatising belief look like a solution.
这些观念在哪里流通
- 沙龙(salons)在内的各种机构,探讨并传播了启蒙文化。
- 包括伏尔泰与狄德罗在内的知识分子发展出自然神论(deism)、怀疑主义与无神论的新哲学,而宗教日益被视为私人而非公共事务。
- 最后这一转变是第二单元的直接后果:一个世纪的宗教战争,让把信仰私人化看起来像是一个解决办法。
A theory that grounds the state in the consent of the governed has to say who counts as governed. Locke's individuals driven by self-interest, Rousseau's citizens, and the exclusions each writes in are all answers to that question — and the CED puts the answers and the exclusions in the same subtopic.
一种把国家奠基于被统治者同意之上的理论,必须说明谁算作被统治者。洛克那些受自利驱动的个人、卢梭的公民,以及各自写入的种种排除,都是对这个问题的回答——而 CED 把这些回答与这些排除放在同一个小节里。
Enlightenment thought focused on empiricism, scepticism, human reason, rationalism and classical sources, challenging prevailing patterns of thought about social order, government and faith. Locke and Rousseau built models on natural rights and the social contract, replacing divine right. Rousseau argued for excluding women from political life. Adam Smith challenged mercantilism. Salons disseminated the culture, and religion was viewed increasingly as private.
启蒙思想关注经验主义、怀疑主义、人的理性、理性主义与古典知识来源,挑战了关于社会秩序、政府与信仰的主导思想模式。 洛克与卢梭在自然权利与社会契约之上构建模型,取代了君权神授。卢梭为把女性排除在政治生活之外作了论证。 亚当·斯密挑战了重商主义。 沙龙传播了这一文化,而宗教日益被视为私人事务。