Reason, and Its Limits · 理性及其局限
The second half of unit 1's first sentence
- The rediscovery of works from ancient Greece and Rome and observation of the natural world changed many Europeans' view of their world.
- 1.2 followed the first half — the texts. This unit follows the second: observation.
- So the Scientific Revolution is not a new beginning in the CED's structure; it is a thread that has been running since 1450.
第一单元首句的后半
- 对古希腊与古罗马著作的重新发现,以及对自然界的观察,改变了许多欧洲人看待自身世界的方式。
- 1.2 追随的是前半——那些文本。本单元追随的是后半:观察。
- 因此在 CED 的结构里,科学革命不是一个新的开端;它是一条自 1450 年起就一直在运行的线索。
This unit follows which half of unit 1's opening sentence? · 本单元遵循第1单元开篇句子的哪一半？
1.2 followed the texts; the Scientific Revolution is the observation thread. · 1.2跟随文本；科学革命是观察线索。
From nature to society
- The spread of Scientific Revolution concepts and practices and the Enlightenment's application of these concepts and practices to political, social and ethical issues led to an increased but not unchallenged emphasis on reason in European culture.
- The mechanism is in the sentence: methods developed for nature are applied to society.
- That application is what the word Enlightenment names in this course.
从自然到社会
- 科学革命的概念与实践的传播,以及启蒙运动把这些概念与实践应用于政治、社会与伦理问题,导致欧洲文化中对理性的强调有所增加,但并非未受挑战。
- 机制就写在这句话里:为自然发展出的方法被应用于社会。
- 在本课程中,"启蒙运动"一词所指的正是这一应用。
The Enlightenment is the ____ of Scientific Revolution methods to political, social and ethical issues. · 启蒙运动是对政治、社会及伦理问题应用科学革命方法的____。
The mechanism is written in the CED's sentence. · 机制写在CED的句子中。
"But not unchallenged"
- The CED's qualifier is doing serious work: the emphasis on reason increased, and it was contested throughout.
- 4.2 records alchemy and astrology continuing; 4.3 records Rousseau's exclusion of women; unit 5 will record the reaction.
- So an answer describing an unopposed age of reason contradicts the sentence it is quoting.
"但并非未受挑战"
- CED 的这一限定语在切实起作用:对理性的强调有所增加,而它始终受到争议。
- 4.2 记录了炼金术与占星术的延续;4.3 记录了卢梭对女性的排除;第五单元将记录反弹。
- 因此把这一时期描述为一个无人反对之理性时代的答案,与它所引用的那句话相矛盾。
The method, the application, or the challenge? · 方法、应用还是挑战？
Sort each element of the unit's opening. · 对本单元开篇的每个要素进行分类。
The CED describes an unopposed triumph of reason. · CED描述了理性的压倒性胜利。
It writes increased but not unchallenged — both halves are examinable. · 它写道增加但未受挑战——两半均可考。
The CED writes "increased but not unchallenged emphasis on reason". Both halves are examinable: reason gained ground, and it was contested the whole time — by continuing belief in spiritual forces, by exclusions written into the new philosophy itself, and by the reaction of unit 5.
**CED 写的是"对理性的强调有所增加,但并非未受挑战"。**两半都可能被考到:理性赢得了地盘,而它始终受到争议——被对灵性力量的持续信仰、被新哲学自身所写入的种种排除,以及被第五单元的反弹。
Select all · 所有 the kinds of change the CED says shaped everyday life. · 选择CED所述塑造日常生活的所有变化类型。
Military change belongs to 3.6. · 军事变革属于3.6。
And everyday life was changing too
- The experiences of everyday life were shaped by demographic, environmental, medical and technological changes.
- So this unit is not only about ideas: 4.4 and 4.5 cover population, cities, childhood, consumption and print.
- The CED puts them in the same unit because a reading public is a precondition for a public argument.
而日常生活也在变化
- 日常生活的体验受到人口、环境、医学与技术变化的塑造。
- 因此本单元不只关乎观念:4.4 与 4.5 涵盖人口、城市、童年、消费与印刷。
- CED 把它们放进同一个单元,因为一个阅读公众,是一场公共论争的前提条件。
A literate public matters to this unit because... · 识字公众对本单元重要，因为……
A reading public is a precondition for a public argument. · 阅读公众是公共辩论的前提条件。
Writing the context
- Conditions: unit 1's observation and printing, unit 3's market economy and states that could fund academies.
- And a literate public large enough that a printed argument reaches beyond a university.
- Name a condition and what it made possible — the same shape as 1.1, 2.1 and World History's 8.1.
书写语境
- 条件:第一单元的观察与印刷术、第三单元的市场经济,以及有能力资助学院的国家。
- 还有一个大到足以让一篇印刷论证越出大学的识字公众。
- 点出条件,再说出它使什么成为可能——与 1.1、2.1 及《世界史》8.1 是同样的结构。
A natural philosopher publishes a mathematical account of planetary motion and keeps a working interest in alchemy. Both facts belong to the same man and the same century. The CED's not unchallenged is describing exactly that condition, and it is not a contradiction to explain away.
一位自然哲学家发表了关于行星运动的数学论述,同时仍对炼金术保持着实际的兴趣。两个事实属于同一个人、同一个世纪。CED 的"并非未受挑战"所描述的正是这种状况,而它并不是一处需要被解释掉的矛盾。
This unit follows the observation half of unit 1's opening sentence. Scientific Revolution concepts spread, and the Enlightenment applied them to political, social and ethical issues, producing an increased but not unchallenged emphasis on reason. Everyday life was shaped by demographic, environmental, medical and technological changes — a reading public is a precondition for a public argument.
本单元追随的是第一单元首句中观察的那一半。科学革命的概念得以传播,而启蒙运动把它们应用于政治、社会与伦理问题,使对理性的强调有所增加,但并非未受挑战。 日常生活受到人口、环境、医学与技术变化的塑造——一个阅读公众,是一场公共论争的前提条件。