The English Civil War · 英国内战
A conflict about roles, not persons
- The English Civil War — a conflict among the monarchy, Parliament and other elites over their respective roles in the political structure — exemplified the competition for power among monarchs and competing groups.
- The CED defines it by its subject: whose role is what in the structure.
- So it is a constitutional dispute fought as a war, which is why its outcome is a constitutional settlement.
一场关于角色而非人的冲突
- 英国内战——君主、议会与其他精英之间围绕各自在政治结构中角色的冲突——例示了君主与相互竞争之群体之间的权力争夺。
- CED 是以它的主题来定义它的:在这一结构中,谁的角色是什么。
- 因此它是一场以战争形式进行的宪政争端,这也正是它的结果是一份宪政安排的原因。
Select all · 所有 three parties the CED names. · 选出 CED 点名的全部三方。
A two-sided account cannot explain the settlement's shape. · 两方对垒的叙述无法解释这份安排的形态。
Three parties, not two
- The CED names the monarchy, Parliament and other elites — three, not two.
- That matters because the war's alignments shifted as the third group's interests changed.
- A two-sided account of the conflict cannot explain why the settlement took the shape it did.
三方,而不是两方
- CED 点出了君主、议会与其他精英——是三方,不是两方。
- 这一点很重要,因为随着第三方利益的变化,战争中的阵营也在移动。
- 两方对垒的叙述,无法解释最终的安排为何呈现出那样的形态。
The CED says the outcome protected the rights of... · CED 说这一结果保护了……的权利
Constitutionalism here is a defence of elite privilege against absolutism. · 这里的宪政主义,是精英特权对抗专制主义的一种防御。
What the outcome protected
- The outcome of the English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution protected the rights of gentry and aristocracy from absolutism through assertions of the rights of Parliament.
- The CED is precise about whose rights were protected: gentry and aristocracy.
- So this is constitutionalism as a defence of elite privilege against a centralising crown, not a democratic outcome.
这一结果保护了什么
- 英国内战与光荣革命的结果,通过主张议会的权利,保护了乡绅与贵族的权利免受专制主义侵害。
- CED 对谁的权利受到保护说得很精确:乡绅与贵族。
- 因此这是作为精英特权防御手段的宪政主义,用以对抗一个走向集权的王室,而不是一个民主的结果。
Follow England from civil war to settlement · 从内战走到宪政安排:英格兰
The Glorious Revolution protected the rights of the gentry and aristocracy from absolutism — which is what makes it the contrast case. · 光荣革命保护了乡绅与贵族的权利不受专制侵夺——这正是它成为对照案例的原因。
The CED defines the war by its subject: whose ____ is what in the political structure. · CED 以其主题来定义这场战争:在政治结构中,谁的 ____ 是什么。
It is a constitutional dispute fought as a war. · 它是一场以战争形式进行的宪政争端。
The CED names whose rights the outcome protected: gentry and aristocracy. Parliamentary rights were asserted as a defence of elite privilege against absolutism — reading the settlement as a democratic outcome states something the sentence does not.
**CED 点出了这一结果所保护的是谁的权利:乡绅与贵族。**议会的权利,是作为精英特权对抗专制主义的一种防御而被主张的——把这份安排读作民主的结果,说的是这句话并未说过的东西。
3.7 will say absolute monarchies limited nobles' participation but preserved their social position. · 3.7 会说专制君主制限制了贵族的参与,却保留了他们的社会地位。
Here the aristocracy kept participation as well — same class, two settlements. · 而在这里,贵族连参与也保住了——同一个阶级,两种安排。
The mirror image of 3.7
- 3.7 will say absolute monarchies limited the nobility's participation in governance but preserved the aristocracy's social position.
- Here the aristocracy kept its participation as well as its position, by asserting the rights of Parliament.
- Same class, two settlements — and that is the sharpest comparison the unit offers.
3.7 的镜像
- 3.7 会说,专制君主制限制了贵族参与治理,却保留了贵族的社会地位。
- 而在这里,贵族通过主张议会的权利,既保住了地位,也保住了参与。
- 同一个阶级,两种安排——这是本单元所提供的最鲜明的比较。
Select all · 所有 the causes available for this answer. · 选出可用于这一答案的所有成因。
Industrialisation is a nineteenth-century development. · 工业化是十九世纪的发展。
Causes and consequences
- The objective is the causes and consequences of the English Civil War.
- Causes: disputed roles in the political structure, religious settlement from unit 2, and the fiscal demands of 3.6.
- Consequences: parliamentary rights asserted, elite privileges protected, and a constitutional model available for 3.8's comparison.
成因与后果
- 这一目标是英国内战的成因与后果。
- 成因:政治结构中有争议的角色、第二单元的宗教安排,以及 3.6 的财政要求。
- 后果:议会权利得到主张、精英特权得到保护,以及一个可供 3.8 比较的宪政模式。
A crown seeks taxation without consent; a body that has always granted it refuses; the dispute is over which of them the constitution says may decide. Nobody in the room is arguing for a wider franchise. The war settles a boundary between institutions, and that is what the CED means by respective roles.
王室寻求不经同意的征税;一个一向负责批准征税的机构予以拒绝;争端在于宪制说他们中谁有权决定。屋里没有人在为更广泛的选举权辩护。这场战争划定的是机构之间的一条界线,而这正是 CED 所说的"各自的角色"。
The English Civil War — a conflict among the monarchy, Parliament and other elites over their respective roles in the political structure — exemplified the competition for power among monarchs and competing groups. Its outcome and the Glorious Revolution protected the rights of gentry and aristocracy from absolutism through assertions of the rights of Parliament. Three parties, and an elite settlement.
英国内战——君主、议会与其他精英之间围绕各自在政治结构中角色的冲突——例示了君主与相互竞争之群体之间的权力争夺。 **其结果与光荣革命,通过主张议会的权利,保护了乡绅与贵族的权利免受专制主义侵害。**三方参与,一份精英的安排。