Reliability · 可靠性
Bias is inferred from selection
- Readers can infer narrators' biases by noting which details they choose to include in a narrative and which they choose to omit.
- So reliability is not a feeling about a narrator — it is read off their selections.
- That makes it evidenced rather than asserted, which is what an essay needs.
A narrator who describes every guest except the host may be doing more than forgetting a name.
偏见从取舍中推出
- 读者可以通过留意叙述者选择纳入哪些细节、又选择略去哪些,来推出他们的偏见。
- 因此可靠性不是对叙述者的一种感觉——它是从其取舍中读出来的。
- 这使它成为有证据的,而不是被断言的,而文章需要的正是这一点。
叙述者描写了所有客人，却独独不提主人，恐怕不只是忘了名字。
Readers infer a narrator's bias by noting... · 读者通过注意...推断叙述者的偏见
That makes reliability evidenced rather than asserted. · 这使得可靠性是得到证明的，而非断言的。
Bias reduces reliability
- Readers who detect bias in a narrator may find that narrator less reliable.
- Note may and less: the CED describes a sliding scale, not a switch.
- Very few narrators are wholly unreliable, and calling one so is usually an overstatement you cannot defend.
偏见降低可靠性
- 察觉到叙述者偏见的读者,可能会认为该叙述者不那么可靠。
- 注意"可能"和"不那么":CED 描述的是一个滑动的量表,不是一个开关。
- 极少有叙述者是完全不可靠的,而把某个叙述者说成如此,通常是你无法捍卫的夸大。
A narrator is either reliable or unreliable, with nothing in between. · 叙述者要么可靠，要么不可靠，没有中间地带。
The CED's wording is may find them less reliable — a sliding scale. · CED的措辞是可能发现它们较不可靠——这是一个滑动标尺。
Reliability changes what you can conclude about others
- The reliability of a narrator may influence a reader's understanding of a character's motives.
- So an unreliable narrator does not only mislead about facts — they distort every motive they report.
- A character who seems cruel through a biased narrator may not be cruel at all.
可靠性改变你能对他人作出的结论
- 叙述者的可靠性,可能影响读者对某个人物动机的理解。
- 因此不可靠的叙述者不只在事实上误导——他们扭曲了自己所报告的每一个动机。
- 透过一位有偏见的叙述者显得残酷的人物,可能根本不残酷。
What reduces this narrator's reliability? · 什么降低了该叙述者的可靠性？
Sort each cause by what it is. · 根据性质对每个原因进行分类。
A narrator's reliability influences the reader's understanding of a character's ____. · 叙述者的可靠性会影响读者对人物____的理解。
A character who seems cruel through a biased narrator may not be cruel at all. · 通过有偏见的叙述者显得残忍的人物可能根本并不残忍。
"Unreliable narrator" is a scale, not a label. The CED says readers may find a narrator less reliable — so an essay is stronger for saying less reliable about X, for this reason than for declaring a narrator unreliable outright, which is rarely defensible from the text.
"不可靠的叙述者"是一把量尺,不是一个标签。CED 说读者可能认为叙述者不那么可靠——因此一篇文章说"由于某种原因,在 X 这一点上不那么可靠",比直接宣布某位叙述者不可靠要有力,后者很少能从文本中得到辩护。
Select all · 所有 the things that can reduce reliability without dishonesty. · 选择所有可能在无欺诈的情况下降低可靠性的因素。
A narrator can be scrupulously honest and still only know what they know. · 一个叙述者可以极其诚实，但仍然只知道他所知道的。
Unreliable does not mean lying
- A narrator can be scrupulously honest and still unreliable, because they only know what they know.
- Youth, illness, distance, self-interest and simple absence all reduce reliability without any dishonesty.
- So describe why this narrator's account is limited, rather than accusing them.
不可靠不等于说谎
- 一位叙述者可以一丝不苟地诚实,却依然不可靠,因为他们只知道自己所知道的。
- 年幼、疾病、距离、私利,以及单纯的不在场,都会在毫无欺瞒的情况下降低可靠性。
- 因此要描述这位叙述者的讲述为何受限,而不是指控他们。
Put the reliability pass in order. · 将可靠性检查按顺序排列。
The last step is the one the CED's objective actually names. · 最后一步是CED目标实际命名的那一步。
A reliability pass
- List what the narrator includes about a disputed event, and what they leave out.
- Name the bias those choices suggest, and say how much less reliable it makes them.
- Then take one character and say how the narrator's bias may have distorted their motives.
可靠性检查
- 列出叙述者关于某个有争议事件纳入了什么、略去了什么。
- 说出这些取舍所暗示的偏见,并说出它使其可靠性降低了多少。
- 然后挑一个人物,说出叙述者的偏见可能如何扭曲了他们的动机。
The narrator records every remark his sister made about money and none of what she said about their mother. He is not lying. But the reader can no longer trust his account of why she left — and the novel's final chapter depends on that gap being noticed.
叙述者记下了妹妹关于钱说过的每一句话,却一句也没记她关于母亲说的话。他没有说谎。但读者已无法再信任他关于她为何离开的讲述——而这部小说的最后一章,正依赖于这道缝隙被察觉。
Bias is inferred from which details a narrator includes and omits, and readers who detect bias may find the narrator less reliable — a scale, not a switch. Reliability influences a reader's understanding of a character's motives, and a narrator can be honest and still limited.
偏见从叙述者纳入与略去哪些细节中推出,而察觉到偏见的读者可能认为叙述者不那么可靠——这是量表,不是开关。可靠性影响读者对人物动机的理解,而叙述者可以诚实却依然受限。