Allusion · 典故
What can be alluded to
- Allusions in a text can reference literary works including myths and sacred texts; other works of art including paintings and music; or people, places or events outside the text.
- Three categories, and the third is much wider than students expect.
- A place name, a date, a public figure — each can be an allusion.
An allusion is a doorbell; the reader who recognises the house knows which door just opened.
可以用典的对象
- 文本中的典故可以指涉文学作品,包括神话与经典;其他艺术作品,包括绘画与音乐;或文本之外的人物、地点或事件。
- 三个类别,而第三类比学生想象的宽得多。
- 一个地名、一个日期、一位公众人物——每一个都可能是典故。
典故像门铃；认得这座房子的读者，才知道开的是哪扇门。
Select all · 所有 the categories the CED says allusions can reference. · 选择CED提到的典故可以引用的所有类别。
The third category is much wider than students expect. · 第三类比学生预期的要宽泛得多。
An allusion imports
- An allusion brings the referenced thing's associations into the poem without spending lines on them.
- That is its economy: two words can carry a whole story the reader already knows.
- So the analysis asks what was imported, and what the poem does with it.
典故是在引入
- 典故把被指涉之物的种种联想带进诗中,而无需为它们花费诗行。
- 这就是它的经济性:两个词可以承载一整个读者已经知道的故事。
- 因此分析要问被引入的是什么,以及这首诗拿它做了什么。
An allusion brings the referenced thing's ____ into the poem cheaply. · 典故能以低成本将所指事物的____带入诗中。
Two words can carry a whole story the reader already knows. · 两个词即可承载读者已知的一段完整故事。
You do not need to recognise every allusion
- An exam passage will not depend on knowledge you were never taught.
- If a name is unfamiliar, read what the poem tells you about it — texts usually supply enough.
- Guessing at a half-remembered myth is riskier than reading the line in front of you.
你不必认出每一个典故
- 考试文本不会依赖你从未学过的知识。
- 如果某个名字陌生,就读诗本身告诉你的关于它的信息——文本通常提供得够用。
- 对一个记不真切的神话作猜测,比读你眼前的这一行更冒险。
Which category of allusion is this? · 这属于哪一类典故？
Sort each reference by the CED's three categories. · 根据CED的三类标准，对每个引用进行归类。
If you half-remember a myth, guessing is better than reading the line closely. · 如果你只半记得某个神话，猜测比仔细阅读诗句更有效。
An exam passage will not depend on knowledge you were never taught. · 考试段落不会依赖你从未学过的知识。
Do not guess at a half-remembered story. An exam passage will not require outside knowledge you were never taught, and the text usually supplies what you need about the reference. A confident wrong claim about a myth costs more than a careful reading of the line in front of you.
**不要对一个记不真切的故事作猜测。**考试文本不会要求你从未学过的外部知识,而文本通常会提供你所需的关于该指涉的信息。关于某个神话的一个自信而错误的主张,代价高于对眼前这一行的一次仔细阅读。
A poem that names a famous reunion and then does not deliver one is... · 一首提及著名团聚却并未实现团聚的诗是……
Always ask whether a poem borrows an association or contradicts it. · 始终要问：这首诗是借用了一种联想，还是与之相悖？
Allusions can be used against themselves
- A poem may invoke a story in order to refuse it.
- Naming a famous reunion and then not delivering one uses the allusion as a measure of the difference.
- So always ask whether the poem is borrowing the association or contradicting it.
典故可以被反用
- 一首诗可以召唤一个故事,为的是拒绝它。
- 点出一场著名的重逢,却不给出重逢,这是把典故当作衡量差异的尺度。
- 因此永远要问:这首诗是在借用那份联想,还是在与它相抵触。
Put the allusion pass in order. · 按顺序排列典故分析段落。
The last question is where an allusion analysis stops being a footnote. · 最后一个问题是典故分析从注脚转变为独立论证的分水岭。
An allusion pass
- Name what is referenced and which of the three categories it falls in.
- Say what associations it brings — using what the poem itself supplies, where possible.
- Then ask whether the poem borrows those associations or turns against them.
典故检查
- 说出被指涉的是什么,以及它属于三类中的哪一类。
- 说出它带来了什么联想——尽可能使用诗本身所提供的信息。
- 然后问这首诗是借用了这些联想,还是与它们相对抗。
A poem names a river famous in myth for carrying the dead. The poem then describes children swimming in it on a hot afternoon. The allusion is used against itself: the reader arrives expecting solemnity, and the ordinary afternoon is what the poem is actually about.
一首诗点出了一条在神话中以载送亡者著称的河。随后这首诗描写了孩子们在一个炎热的下午在其中游泳。这个典故被反用了:读者带着对肃穆的预期而来,而这首诗真正要写的是那个平常的下午。
Allusions may reference literary works including myths and sacred texts; other works of art including paintings and music; or people, places or events outside the text. An allusion imports associations cheaply. Read what the poem supplies rather than guessing, and ask whether it borrows the association or turns against it.
典故可以指涉文学作品(包括神话与经典)、其他艺术作品(包括绘画与音乐),或文本之外的人物、地点或事件。典故以低成本引入联想。要读诗本身提供的信息而不是去猜,并要问它是借用了那份联想,还是与之相对抗。