Body Paragraphs and Topic Sentences · 正文段落与主题句
What a body paragraph is for
- The body paragraphs of a written argument develop the reasoning and justify claims using evidence and providing commentary that links the evidence to the overall thesis.
- Three jobs in one sentence: develop, justify, link.
- A paragraph doing only the second is a pile of quotations with a heading.
A paragraph that quotes and then runs away has left the evidence holding the microphone.
正文段落是做什么用的
- 书面论证的正文段落,展开推理,用证据为主张辩护,并提供把证据与总论点连接起来的评述。
- 一句话里三项工作:展开、辩护、连接。
- 只做第二项的段落,是一堆加了标题的引文。
段落引完文就跑，等于把麦克风留给证据，让它自己解释。
Select all · 所有 the jobs the CED gives body paragraphs. · 选出 CED 赋予正文段落的所有工作。
Summary is not one of the three. · 概述不在这三项之中。
Cohesion and the topic sentence
- Effective paragraphs are cohesive and often use topic sentences to state a claim and explain the reasoning that connects the various claims and evidence.
- Note what the CED asks a topic sentence to do: state a claim and explain the connecting reasoning.
- A topic sentence that only announces a topic — another device is imagery — does neither.
连贯与主题句
- 有效的段落是连贯的,并常用主题句来陈述一个主张,并解释把各个主张与证据连接起来的推理。
- 注意 CED 要求主题句做什么:陈述一个主张并解释起连接作用的推理。
- 只宣布一个话题的主题句——另一种手法是意象——两件事都没做。
Select all · 所有 the things the CED asks a topic sentence to do. · 选出 CED 要求主题句做的所有事。
One sentence, two jobs — and announcing a device does neither. · 一句话,两件工作——而宣布一种手法两件都没做。
Two links per paragraph, still
- The line of reasoning is still communicated through commentary.
- Inside each paragraph, commentary links evidence to claim and claim to thesis.
- A paragraph with neither link may be entirely true and still contribute nothing.
每段依然是两处连接
- 推理线索依然通过评述来传达。
- 在每一段内部,评述把证据连接到主张,把主张连接到论点。
- 两处连接都没有的段落,可能句句为真,却依然毫无贡献。
Make a topic sentence do work · 让主题句真正承担任务
A topic sentence that announces the scene commits the paragraph to summary before it starts. · 一句只是宣布场景的主题句,会在段落开始前就把它锁死在复述上。
A topic sentence must state a claim, not announce a topic. Another technique the poet uses is imagery names a subject and commits to nothing. The CED asks a topic sentence to state a claim and explain the reasoning that connects it — one sentence doing two jobs.
主题句必须陈述一个主张,而不是宣布一个话题。 诗人使用的另一种技巧是意象点出了一个题目,却什么也没承诺。CED 要求主题句既陈述主张,又解释把它连接起来的推理——一句话做两件事。
Cohesive means the paragraph reads smoothly. · 连贯意味着这一段读起来流畅。
It means the paragraph is about one thing — every sentence belongs to the same claim. · 它意味着这一段只讲一件事——每一句都属于同一个主张。
A sentence that would fit equally well in another paragraph means the claim is too ____. · 一个放在另一段里同样合适的句子,说明这个主张太 ____ 了。
Cohesion is a property you can test sentence by sentence. · 连贯是一种可以逐句检验的属性。
Cohesion is a property you can test
- Read a paragraph and ask: does every sentence belong to the same claim?
- A sentence that would fit equally well in a different paragraph is a sign the claim is too broad.
- Cohesive does not mean smooth — it means about one thing.
连贯是一种可以检验的属性
- 读一段,然后问:每一句都属于同一个主张吗?
- 一个放在另一段里同样合适的句子,说明这个主张太宽了。
- 连贯不等于流畅——它意味着只讲一件事。
Put the paragraph pass in order. · 把段落检查排序。
The last check is the cohesion test. · 最后一项检查就是连贯性检验。
A paragraph pass
- Does the topic sentence state a claim and explain how it connects?
- Is there a sentence linking evidence to claim, and another linking claim to thesis?
- Would any sentence here fit just as well in another paragraph?
段落检查
- 主题句是否既陈述了主张,又解释了它如何连接?
- 是否有一句把证据连接到主张,另一句把主张连接到论点?
- 这里是否有哪一句放在别的段落里同样合适?
Announcement: The poet also uses imagery. Claim with connection: Because the speaker can only picture the house in weather she did not live through, the poem's imagery works against the affection it seems to express. The second commits to something and tells the reader where the paragraph sits in the argument.
宣布:*诗人还使用了意象。*带连接的主张:*由于说话者只能在自己不曾经历的天气里想象那所房子,这首诗的意象反而与它看似表达的眷恋相抵触。*后者作出了承诺,并告诉读者这一段在论证中的位置。
Body paragraphs develop the reasoning, justify claims with evidence, and provide commentary linking evidence to the thesis. Effective paragraphs are cohesive and use topic sentences that state a claim and explain the connecting reasoning — not sentences that announce a topic.
正文段落展开推理,用证据为主张辩护,并提供把证据与论点连接起来的评述。 有效的段落是连贯的,并使用既陈述主张又解释连接推理的主题句——而不是宣布话题的句子。