Economic development · 经济发展
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| economic development/ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk dɪˈveləpmənt/ | 经济发展 | jīng jì fā zhǎn |
| welfare/ˈwelfeə/ | 福利 | fú lì |
| Human Development Index/ˈhjuːmən dɪˈveləpmənt ˈɪndeks/ | 人类发展指数 | rén lèi fā zhǎn zhǐ shù |
| life expectancy/laɪf ekˈspektənsi/ | 预期寿命 | yù qī shòu mìng |
| literacy/ˈlɪtərəsi/ | 识字率 | shí zì lǜ |
| Gini/ˈdʒiːni/ | 基尼系数 | jī ní xì shù |
Growth isn't the same as development
- Two countries can have the same GDP per head, yet in one people live long, educated lives and in the other they don't.
- Development is broader than growth — it's about living standards, health, education and freedom, not just output.
增长与发展不一样
- 两个国家能有相同的人均 GDP,但在一个国家人们活得长寿、受教育,而在另一个国家他们不。
- 发展(development)比增长更宽——它关乎生活水平、健康、教育和自由,不只是产出。
Development chain lab · 发展链条实验室
Follow how policy and resources can change living standards. · 了解政策和资源如何改变生活水平。
Economic development differs from economic growth because it focuses on: · 经济发展不同于经济增长，因为它侧重于：
Development is about welfare (health, education, choices), not just more output. · 发展关乎福利（健康、教育、选择权），而不仅仅是更多产出。
Economic growth can occur without development if the gains do not reach most people. · 如果收益未惠及大多数人，经济增长可能在缺乏发展的情况下发生。
If growth is captured by a few, average welfare may barely improve. · 如果增长被少数人占有，平均福利可能几乎没有改善。
Growth vs development
- Economic growth = a rise in real GDP (more output).
- Economic development 经济发展 = a rise in welfare 福利 and quality of life — incomes, health, education, and choices.
- Growth can happen without development (if the gains don't reach most people).
Economic development: a busy market in a fast-growing developing economy
增长对发展
- 经济增长(economic growth)= 实际 GDP 的一个上升(更多产出)。
- 经济发展(economic development)= 福利和生活质量的一个上升——收入、健康、教育和选择。
- 增长能不带发展地发生(如果收益不到达大多数人)。
经济发展:一个快速增长的发展中经济体中繁忙的市场
The Human Development Index combines income with: · 人类发展指数结合了收入与：
HDI = income (GNI per capita) + health (life expectancy) + education (schooling). · HDI = 收入（人均国民总收入）+ 健康（预期寿命）+ 教育（受教育年限）。
Match each HDI dimension to its indicator. · 将每个HDI维度与其指标进行匹配。
The three HDI dimensions and their measures. · 三个HDI维度及其衡量标准。
The HDI ranges from 0 to , with higher meaning more development. · HDI的范围是从0到，数值越高代表发展程度越高。
HDI is scaled 0 to 1. · HDI按比例尺化为0到1。
Measuring development: the HDI
- The Human Development Index 人类发展指数 (HDI) combines three dimensions:
- income (GNI per capita), health (life expectancy 预期寿命), and education (years of schooling).
- It runs from 0 to 1; a higher HDI means more development.
The HDI combines income, health and education into a single index between 0 and 1
Why a composite? Income alone misses a lot. The HDI adds health and education so that a country with decent income but poor schooling and short lives scores lower — a fuller picture.
测量发展:HDI
- 人类发展指数(Human Development Index,HDI)结合三个维度:
- 收入(人均 GNI)、健康(预期寿命)和教育(受教育年数)。
- 它从 0 到 1;更高的 HDI 意味着更多的发展。
HDI 把收入、健康和教育结合成一个 0 到 1 之间的单一指数
为什么用一个综合指标? 单独的收入错失很多。HDI 加上健康和教育,这样一个有体面收入但糟糕教育和短寿命的国家得分更低——一幅更完整的图景。
Other indicators
- Beyond HDI: access to clean water and sanitation, literacy 识字率, inequality (Gini 基尼系数), and environmental quality.
Growth is more income; development is wider wellbeing too
其他指标
- 在 HDI 之外:清洁水和卫生设施的获取、识字率、不平等(基尼)和环境质量。
You've got it
- growth = more output; development = better living standards (welfare, health, education)
- the HDI combines income, health (life expectancy) and education into one 0–1 index
- broader indicators: clean water, literacy, inequality, environment
你掌握了
- 增长 = 更多产出;发展 = 更好的生活水平(福利、健康、教育)
- HDI 把收入、健康(预期寿命)和教育结合成一个 0–1 的指数
- 更宽的指标:清洁水、识字率、不平等、环境