Nitrogen and ammonia · 氮和氨
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| ammonia/æˈməʊnɪə/ | 氨 | ān |
| lone pair/ləʊn peə/ | 孤对电子 | gū duì diàn zi |
| ammonium ion/æˈməʊnɪəm ˈaɪɒn/ | 铵离子 | ǎn lí zi |
| triple bond/ˈtrɪpl bɒnd/ | 三键 | sān jiàn |
| non-polar/nɒn ˈpəʊlə/ | 非极性 | fēi jí xìng |
| coordinate bond/kəʊˈɔːdɪnət bɒnd/ | 配位键 | pèi wèi jiàn |
From the air to fertiliser
- Nitrogen gas, $\text{N}_2$, fills the air but reacts with very little.
- Ammonia 氨 is a base, thanks to a lone pair 孤对电子 on its nitrogen.
- That lone pair also builds the ammonium ion 铵离子.
从空气到肥料
- 氮气,$\text{N}_2$,充满空气,但与很少的东西反应。
- 氨(ammonia)是一种碱,得益于它的氮上的一对孤对电子。
- 那对孤对电子也构建铵离子(ammonium ion)。
Ammonia (NH₃) acts as a base because it can accept a . · 氨(NH₃)作为一种碱,因为它能接受一个。
NH₃ + H⁺ → NH₄⁺. · NH₃ + H⁺ → NH₄⁺。
Why nitrogen is unreactive
- The two N atoms are joined by a triple bond 三键 with a very high bond energy — hard to break.
- The molecule is symmetrical and non-polar 非极性 — nothing pulls other molecules towards it.
Nitrogen is unreactive: a strong triple bond and no polarity
Ammonia is converted into nitrogen fertilisers
为什么氮不活泼
- 两个 N 原子由一个有非常高键能的三键(triple bond)连接——难以断裂。
- 这个分子是对称且非极性的——没有东西把其他分子拉向它。
氮不活泼:一个强三键且没有极性
氨被转化成氮肥
The shape of ammonia · 氨的形状
Ammonia has three bonding pairs and one lone pair — the lone pair pushes the bonds down into a pyramidal shape (about 107°). · 氨有三对成键电子和一对孤对电子——孤对电子把成键电子对往下推,形成三角锥形(约 107°)。
Nitrogen gas is unreactive because it has: · 氮气不活泼,因为它有:
The N≡N triple bond is very strong, and the symmetrical molecule is non-polar — both make it unreactive. · N≡N 三键非常强,对称的分子是非极性的——两者都使它不活泼。
Match each nitrogen/ammonia fact. · 匹配每个氮/氨事实。
Each item links the term to its correct meaning. · 每一项把术语链接到它正确的含义。
Ammonia and the ammonium ion
- Ammonia is a base because the lone pair on nitrogen can accept a proton:
$$\text{NH}_3 + \text{H}^{+} \rightarrow \text{NH}_4^{+}$$
- The new N–H bond is a coordinate bond 配位键 (both electrons from N). The $\text{NH}_4^{+}$ ion has four identical N–H bonds and is tetrahedral.
Ammonia's lone pair accepts a proton, forming the ammonium ion by a coordinate bond
氨和铵离子
- 氨是一种碱,因为氮上的孤对电子(lone pair)能接受一个质子:
$$\text{NH}_3 + \text{H}^{+} \rightarrow \text{NH}_4^{+}$$
- 新的 N–H 键是一个配位键(coordinate bond,两个电子都来自 N)。$\text{NH}_4^{+}$ 离子有四个相同的 N–H 键,是四面体(tetrahedral)的。
氨的孤对电子接受一个质子,通过一个配位键形成铵离子
Ammonia acts as a base because: · 氨作为一种碱,因为:
A Brønsted–Lowry base accepts a proton; ammonia's nitrogen lone pair does exactly that. · 一个布朗斯特-劳里碱接受一个质子;氨的氮孤对电子正是这样做的。
The bond formed when NH₃ accepts H⁺ is a coordinate bond because: · 当 NH₃ 接受 H⁺ 时形成的键是一个配位键,因为:
Nitrogen supplies both electrons of the new N–H bond, making it a coordinate (dative) bond. · 氮提供新 N–H 键的两个电子,使它成为一个配位(给体)键。
Testing for an ammonium salt
- Warm an ammonium salt with a base (NaOH) to push out ammonia:
$$\text{NH}_4\text{Cl} + \text{NaOH} \rightarrow \text{NaCl} + \text{NH}_3 + \text{H}_2\text{O}$$
- The sharp smell, and damp red litmus turning blue, confirms an ammonium salt.
检验一个铵盐
- 把一个铵盐与一个碱(NaOH)一起加热,以推出氨:
$$\text{NH}_4\text{Cl} + \text{NaOH} \rightarrow \text{NaCl} + \text{NH}_3 + \text{H}_2\text{O}$$
- 刺鼻的气味,以及湿润的红色石蕊变蓝,确认一个铵盐。
The test for an ammonium salt is to warm it with NaOH and look for: · 检验一个铵盐是把它与 NaOH 一起加热并寻找:
A base displaces ammonia from the salt; the ammonia smells sharp and turns damp red litmus blue. · 一个碱从盐中置换氨;氨闻起来刺鼻,使湿润的红色石蕊变蓝。
You've got it
- $\text{N}_2$ is unreactive: a strong triple bond + a non-polar molecule
- ammonia is a base — its lone pair accepts a proton → $\text{NH}_4^{+}$ (a coordinate bond, tetrahedral)
- test for an ammonium salt: warm with NaOH → ammonia (sharp smell, red litmus → blue)
你掌握了
- $\text{N}_2$ 不活泼:一个强三键 + 一个非极性分子
- 氨是一种碱——它的孤对电子接受一个质子 → $\text{NH}_4^{+}$(一个配位键,四面体)
- 检验一个铵盐:与 NaOH 一起加热 → 氨(刺鼻气味,红色石蕊 → 蓝色)