Each curve rises then flattens where another factor limits.
Rate increases with: light intensity, CO₂ concentration, temperature (to the enzyme optimum), and the amount of chlorophyll.
Reading single-factor graphs: the flat top means something else has become the limiting factor 限制因素. (HT) On two- or three-factor graphs, decide which factor is limiting at each point.
(HT) Inverse square law: doubling the distance from the lamp quarters the light intensity:
(HT) Greenhouse economics: adding heat, light or CO₂ raises the rate — but each costs money; the grower adds the cheapest factor that is limiting, up to the point where extra yield no longer pays.
RP6: pondweed in water at different lamp distances; count the oxygen bubbles per minute (or collect the gas); control temperature and CO₂ (sodium hydrogencarbonate); repeat and mean; rate = bubbles ÷ time.
Worked example. Bubbles: 30 per minute at 10 cm; at 20 cm the light intensity is a quarter, so expect about 8 per minute (if light is still limiting).
amino acids for protein — this also needs nitrate ions from the soil.
4.2
呼吸作用与运动(4.4.2)
教学大纲
呼吸作用与新陈代谢(AQA 8461 陈述 4.4.1.3, 4.4.2.1-4.4.2.3)。
列举光合作用产生的葡萄糖的五种用途。
比较肌肉和酵母的有氧呼吸与无氧呼吸,写出文字方程式,并说明发酵的经济重要性。
解释身体对运动的反应及(HT)氧债和肝脏的作用。
定义新陈代谢并列出其包含的反应类型。
来源:Cambridge International 教学大纲
Respiration is an exothermic 放热 reaction occurring continuously in living cells, transferring the energy for: building larger molecules, movement, and keeping warm.
Aerobic
Anaerobic (muscle)
Anaerobic (plant/yeast)
oxygen
needed
not needed
not needed
equation
glucose + oxygen → CO₂ + water
glucose → lactic acid
glucose → ethanol + CO₂
energy
much more
much less
much less
Anaerobic respiration in yeast is fermentation 发酵, economically important in bread (CO₂ makes it rise) and alcoholic drinks.
During exercise the heart rate, breathing rate and breath volume increase to deliver more oxygenated blood to muscles. If oxygen supply is insufficient, muscles switch to anaerobic respiration: incomplete glucose oxidation builds up lactic acid 乳酸 → fatigue; an oxygen debt 氧债 builds.
(HT) Blood carries lactic acid to the liver, which converts it back to glucose. The oxygen debt is the extra oxygen needed after exercise to react with and remove the accumulated lactic acid.