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生物能量学

AQA · GCSE · 生物 · 知识点 4

4.1

Bioenergetics: photosynthesis and respiration

Plants capture the Sun's energy; every cell releases it again. This reference covers AQA GCSE Biology 8461, topic 4.4 Bioenergetics.

How the exam treats this topic:

  • Paper 1 carries Bioenergetics. RP6: light intensity and the rate of photosynthesis using pondweed.
  • Limiting-factor graphs with two or three factors, the inverse square law and greenhouse economics are HT only.
  • Equations are word equations — know the symbol forms too (CO₂, H₂O, O₂, C₆H₁₂O₆).
4.1

光合作用与限制因素(4.4.1, RP6)

教学大纲

光合作用(AQA 8461 陈述 4.4.1.1-4.4.1.2, RP6)。

  1. 写出光合作用的文字方程式和符号方程式,并说明其为吸热反应。
  2. 解释光照强度、CO2浓度和温度如何限制光合作用速率,包括解读限制因子图表。
  3. (高阶)利用光照强度与距离之间的平方反比关系,以及温室经济的原因。
  4. 描述RP6:使用水蕴草研究光强度与光合作用速率、控制变量及速率计算方法。

来源:Cambridge International 教学大纲

$$\text{carbon dioxide} + \text{water} \xrightarrow{\ \text{light}\ } \text{glucose} + \text{oxygen}$$
$$6\,\text{CO}_2 + 6\,\text{H}_2\text{O} \rightarrow \text{C}_6\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_6 + 6\,\text{O}_2$$

Photosynthesis is an endothermic 吸热 reaction: energy is transferred from the environment to the chloroplasts by light.

词汇 训练
English 中文 拼音
endothermic/ˌendəʊˈθɜːmɪk/ 吸热 xī rè
4.1

光合作用与限制因素(4.4.1, RP6)

教学大纲

光合作用(AQA 8461 陈述 4.4.1.1-4.4.1.2, RP6)。

  1. 写出光合作用的文字方程式和符号方程式,并说明其为吸热反应。
  2. 解释光照强度、CO2浓度和温度如何限制光合作用速率,包括解读限制因子图表。
  3. (高阶)利用光照强度与距离之间的平方反比关系,以及温室经济的原因。
  4. 描述RP6:使用水蕴草研究光强度与光合作用速率、控制变量及速率计算方法。

来源:Cambridge International 教学大纲

Rate of photosynthesis against one limiting factor at a time.
Each curve rises then flattens where another factor limits.

Rate increases with: light intensity, CO₂ concentration, temperature (to the enzyme optimum), and the amount of chlorophyll.

Reading single-factor graphs: the flat top means something else has become the limiting factor 限制因素. (HT) On two- or three-factor graphs, decide which factor is limiting at each point.

(HT) Inverse square law: doubling the distance from the lamp quarters the light intensity:

$$\text{light intensity} \propto \frac{1}{\text{distance}^2}$$

(HT) Greenhouse economics: adding heat, light or CO₂ raises the rate — but each costs money; the grower adds the cheapest factor that is limiting, up to the point where extra yield no longer pays.

RP6 set-up: pondweed under an inverted funnel in a beaker, with a lamp at a measured distance.

RP6: pondweed in water at different lamp distances; count the oxygen bubbles per minute (or collect the gas); control temperature and CO₂ (sodium hydrogencarbonate); repeat and mean; rate = bubbles ÷ time.

Worked example. Bubbles: 30 per minute at 10 cm; at 20 cm the light intensity is a quarter, so expect about 8 per minute (if light is still limiting).

词汇 训练
English 中文 拼音
limiting factor/ˈlɪmɪtɪŋ ˈfæktə/ 限制因素 xiàn zhì yīn sù
4.1

光合作用与限制因素(4.4.1, RP6)

教学大纲

光合作用(AQA 8461 陈述 4.4.1.1-4.4.1.2, RP6)。

  1. 写出光合作用的文字方程式和符号方程式,并说明其为吸热反应。
  2. 解释光照强度、CO2浓度和温度如何限制光合作用速率,包括解读限制因子图表。
  3. (高阶)利用光照强度与距离之间的平方反比关系,以及温室经济的原因。
  4. 描述RP6:使用水蕴草研究光强度与光合作用速率、控制变量及速率计算方法。

来源:Cambridge International 教学大纲

Glucose from photosynthesis is used for:

  • respiration;
  • converted to insoluble starch for storage;
  • fat or oil for storage;
  • cellulose for cell walls;
  • amino acids for protein — this also needs nitrate ions from the soil.
4.2

呼吸作用与运动(4.4.2)

教学大纲

呼吸作用与新陈代谢(AQA 8461 陈述 4.4.1.3, 4.4.2.1-4.4.2.3)。

  1. 列举光合作用产生的葡萄糖的五种用途。
  2. 比较肌肉和酵母的有氧呼吸与无氧呼吸,写出文字方程式,并说明发酵的经济重要性。
  3. 解释身体对运动的反应及(HT)氧债和肝脏的作用。
  4. 定义新陈代谢并列出其包含的反应类型。

来源:Cambridge International 教学大纲

Respiration is an exothermic 放热 reaction occurring continuously in living cells, transferring the energy for: building larger molecules, movement, and keeping warm.

Aerobic Anaerobic (muscle) Anaerobic (plant/yeast)
oxygen needed not needed not needed
equation glucose + oxygen → CO₂ + water glucose → lactic acid glucose → ethanol + CO₂
energy much more much less much less

Anaerobic respiration in yeast is fermentation 发酵, economically important in bread (CO₂ makes it rise) and alcoholic drinks.

词汇 训练
English 中文 拼音
exothermic/eɡzəˈðɜːmɪk/ 放热 fàng rè
fermentation/fɜːmənˈteɪʃn/ 发酵 fā jiào
4.2

呼吸作用与运动(4.4.2)

教学大纲

呼吸作用与新陈代谢(AQA 8461 陈述 4.4.1.3, 4.4.2.1-4.4.2.3)。

  1. 列举光合作用产生的葡萄糖的五种用途。
  2. 比较肌肉和酵母的有氧呼吸与无氧呼吸,写出文字方程式,并说明发酵的经济重要性。
  3. 解释身体对运动的反应及(HT)氧债和肝脏的作用。
  4. 定义新陈代谢并列出其包含的反应类型。

来源:Cambridge International 教学大纲

During exercise the heart rate, breathing rate and breath volume increase to deliver more oxygenated blood to muscles. If oxygen supply is insufficient, muscles switch to anaerobic respiration: incomplete glucose oxidation builds up lactic acid 乳酸 → fatigue; an oxygen debt 氧债 builds.

(HT) Blood carries lactic acid to the liver, which converts it back to glucose. The oxygen debt is the extra oxygen needed after exercise to react with and remove the accumulated lactic acid.

词汇 训练
English 中文 拼音
oxygen debt/ˈɒksɪdʒn det/ 氧债 yǎng zhài
lactic acid/ˈlæktɪk ˈæsɪd/ 乳酸 rǔ suān
4.2

呼吸作用与运动(4.4.2)

教学大纲

呼吸作用与新陈代谢(AQA 8461 陈述 4.4.1.3, 4.4.2.1-4.4.2.3)。

  1. 列举光合作用产生的葡萄糖的五种用途。
  2. 比较肌肉和酵母的有氧呼吸与无氧呼吸,写出文字方程式,并说明发酵的经济重要性。
  3. 解释身体对运动的反应及(HT)氧债和肝脏的作用。
  4. 定义新陈代谢并列出其包含的反应类型。

来源:Cambridge International 教学大纲

Metabolism 代谢 is the sum of all reactions in a cell or body; respiration fuels them. It includes:

  • glucose → starch, glycogen, cellulose;
  • glycerol + 3 fatty acids → lipids;
  • glucose + nitrate ions → amino acids → proteins;
  • respiration;
  • breakdown of excess protein → urea for excretion.
词汇 训练
English 中文 拼音
Metabolism/məˈtæbəlɪzəm/ 代谢 dài xiè
4.2

Checklist before you call this topic done

  • Write the photosynthesis word and symbol equations; say endothermic + light→chloroplasts.
  • Explain the four rate factors; read flattening single-factor graphs; (HT) inverse square law and greenhouse economics.
  • Describe RP6 with its controls and the rate calculation.
  • List five uses of glucose (with nitrate for protein).
  • Compare aerobic with both anaerobic equations; name fermentation's two products and uses.
  • Exercise: three increases; lactic acid and oxygen debt; (HT) the liver's role.
  • Define metabolism with its five strands.

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