A.2 · พีชคณิตนามธรรมและทฤษฎีจำนวน
GRE Subject Test · GRE Mathematics หัวข้อ 4 2:13 การบรรยายภาษาอังกฤษ · คำบรรยายภาษาอังกฤษ + 中文 ลอยตัวบนภาพ
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Transcript
This unit uses groups, subgroups, homomorphisms and quotients; distinguishes rings, integral domains and fields; and applies divisibility and congruences.
本单元使用群、子群、同态和商结构;区分环、整环和域;并应用整除和同余。
A group needs closure, associativity, an identity and inverses.
群需要封闭性、结合律、单位元和逆元。
Commutativity is an additional condition, not one of the four.
交换律是额外的条件,不在这四条之内。
A homomorphism preserves the operation; its kernel, the elements sent to the identity, is a normal subgroup.
同态保持运算;它的核,即映到单位元的元素,是正规子群。
A field permits division by every nonzero element, so the integers form a ring but not a field.
域允许除以每个非零元素,所以整数构成环但不是域。
Modulo 8, 3 is its own inverse, because 3 times 3 is 9, which is 1.
模 8 时,3 是自己的逆元,因为 3 × 3 = 9 ≡ 1。
But 2 has no inverse, since its gcd with 8 is 2.
但 2 没有逆元,因为它与 8 的最大公约数是 2。
Modulo a prime, every nonzero residue has an inverse: a finite field.
模素数时,每个非零剩余都有逆元:这是一个有限域。
Do not cancel a factor in a modular equation without checking that it is invertible.
在模方程中,不要未经检查就约去一个因子;先确认它可逆。
Both residue sets are additive groups.
两个剩余类集合都是加法群。
A residue is a unit exactly when its gcd with the modulus is one: the units modulo five are 1, 2, 3 and 4; modulo six they are 1 and 5.
一个剩余是单位,当且仅当它与模数的最大公约数为 1:模 5 的单位是 1、2、3、4;模 6 的单位是 1 和 5。
Modulo six, 2 times 3 is 0, so the nonzero residues are not even closed.
模 6 时 2 × 3 = 0,所以非零剩余甚至不封闭。
Modulo five, every residue but zero is a unit: a field.
模 5 时除零外每个剩余都是单位:一个域。
The reduction map preserves addition and multiplication; its kernel is 6Z and its image all six residues, so the quotient is Z mod 6.
约化映射保持加法和乘法;核是 6Z,像是全部六个剩余,所以商是 Z/6Z。
Then 2x congruent to 2 means 6 divides 2 times x minus 1, so 3 divides x minus 1: x is 1 or 4.
2x ≡ 2 意味着 6 整除 2(x − 1),所以 3 整除 x − 1:x 是 1 或 4。
Cancelling the 2 would lose 4.
约去 2 会丢掉 4。
Check yourself.
自我检测。
Commutativity is not a group axiom.
交换律不是群公理。
The integers are a ring, not a field.
整数是环,不是域。
The units modulo 6 are 1 and 5.
模 6 的单位是 1 和 5。
Two x congruent to 2 mod 6 gives 1 and 4.
2x ≡ 2 (mod 6) 的解是 1 和 4。
And a kernel is a normal subgroup.
核是正规子群。