คำกริยา

ดาวน์โหลดอ้างอิง 2 หน้าต่อแผ่น

10 คำกริยา
reference.pdf.th 2 หน้าต่อแผ่น
10.1
动词 + 什么 — challenging an action

فعلataset by what什么shén me (often the same verb again) is a rhetorical, annoyed pushback — "what are you …ing for? / stop …ing!" With a separable verb, what什么shén me splits the two halves.

โครงสร้าง: Verb + 什么 + (same) Verb · Verb + 什么 + Object

you你nǐcrying哭kūwhat for什么shén me哭kūit's not as if，又yòu不是bú shìthere's no没有méi yǒuyour你nǐ的degift礼物lǐ wù。

What are you crying for? It's not as if there's no gift for you.

divorce离líwhat什么shén me婚hūnyou！你们nǐ menonly才cáimarried结婚jié hūnthree months三个月sān ge yuè。

Divorce?! You've only been married three months!

Remember: V + what什么shén me (+ V) = an irritated "what are you …ing for?!" — to cry哭kūwhat什么shén meto cry哭kū ("quit crying!"), urgent急jíwhat什么shén me ("what's the rush?!"). Separable verbs split around it: away from离líwhat什么shén meto marry婚hūn, road道dàowhat什么shén meto apologize歉qiàn.

ข้อควรระวัง

It's blunt and familiar — fine between close friends/family, rude to strangers.
10.2
不像 … 这么 / 那么 … — "not as … as"

to resemble像xiàng แปลว่า "(just) like"; 不像bù xiàng + B + so much这么zhè me / like that那么nà me + Adj บอกว่า A ต่ำกว่า B ในด้านใดด้านหนึ่ง — "not as … as B."

โครงสร้าง: Noun 1 + 像 + Noun 2 + 一样 + Adj · Noun 1 + 不像 + Noun 2 + 这么 / 那么 + Adj

she她tāsometimes有时候yǒu shí houlike像xiànga child小孩xiǎo háijust一样yí yàngnaive天真tiān zhēn。

She's sometimes as naive as a child.

today今天jīn tiānnot as … as不像bú xiàngyesterday昨天zuó tiānso那么nà mecold冷lěng。

Today isn't as cold as yesterday.

Remember: to resemble像xiàng…same一样yī yàng = "just like"; 不像bù xiàng…like that那么nà me… = "not as … as." today今天jīn tiān不像bù xiàngyesterday昨天zuó tiānlike that那么nà mecold冷lěng ("today isn't as cold as yesterday"). The so much这么zhè me / like that那么nà me carries the degree being fallen short of.

ข้อควรระวัง

It's a near-twin of the not have / haven't没有méi yǒu…like that那么nà me… comparison (HSK 3) — both say "falls short of."
10.3
比起 + B (+ 来) ，A ~ — "compared with B, A …"

compared with比起bǐ qǐ … (to come来lái) เปิดกรอบการ เปรียบเทียบ — "compared with B, A is ….."it它tāto desire将jiāngB forwardone's conduct作为zuò wéistandard标准biāo zhǔn。 Variant is (with / and跟gēn / and / with和hé / and / with与yǔ) B to compare相比xiāng bǐ.

โครงสร้าง: 比起 + B (+ 来) ，A + Comment · (与) B 相比，A ~

compared with比起bǐ qǐShanghai上海Shàng hǎimy，我wǒhometown老家lǎo jiā的deprices物价wù jiàcheaper便宜pián yimuch多duō了le。

Compared with Shanghai, my hometown's prices are much cheaper.

compared with与yǔonline网络wǎng luòteaching教学jiào xué相比xiāng bǐI，我wǒ更gèngprefer喜欢xǐ huanface-to-face面对面miàn duì miàn。

Compared with online teaching, I prefer face-to-face.

Remember: compared with比起bǐ qǐ B (to come来lái) / and / with与yǔ B to compare相比xiāng bǐ = "set against B, …" — it foregrounds the yardstick B, then delivers the verdict on A. The everyday cousin is with / and跟gēn…than / compared to比bǐ(after a verb) indicating…起来qǐ lái (HSK 3).

ข้อควรระวัง

It frames the comparison; for a plain "A is more X than B," a bare than / compared to比bǐ (Athan / compared to比bǐB…) is enough.
10.4
不如 …… — "not as good as / better to"

not equal to不如bù rú มีสองหน้าที่: "A not equal to不如bù rú B (+ Adj)" = "A isn't as (good / …) as B"; และ "(rather than...与其yǔ qí …，) not equal to不如bù rú …" = "(rather than …,) better to ….." Drop the adjective and not equal to不如bù rú just means "not as good as."

โครงสร้าง: A + 不如 + B (+ Adj) · (与其 …，) 不如 …

this这件zhè jiàndress裙子qún ziisn't as … as不如bù rúthat one那件nà jiànpretty好看hǎo kàn。

This dress isn't as pretty as that one.

rather than与其yǔ qídaydream空想kōng xiǎngbetter to，不如bù rúright away马上mǎ shàngact行动xíng dòng。

Rather than daydreaming, better to act right away.

Remember: not equal to不如bù rú = "falls short of / better to." Anot equal to不如bù rúB = "A isn't as good as B" (I / me我wǒnot equal to不如bù rúhe / him他tā, "I'm no match for him"); rather than...与其yǔ qí…not equal to不如bù rú… = "rather than…, better to…". With no adjective, it's plain "inferior to."

ข้อควรระวัง

rather than...与其yǔ qí sets up the rejected option, not equal to不如bù rú the preferred one — keep that order.
10.5
名词 /形容词 + 化 — "-ize, -ify"

suffix (linguistics)后缀hòu zhuì to make into化huàto desire将jiāngnoun名词míng címaybe或huòadjective形容词xíng róng cíto change转化zhuǎn huàfor为wèicourse of events过程guò chéngnature性xìngverb动词dòng cí — "-ize, -ify, to change into变成biàn chéng…(modifier / structural particle)的deappearance样子yàng zi。"

โครงสร้าง: Noun / Adjective + 化

cities城市chéng shìare modernising现代化xiàn dài huà得devery很hěnfast快kuài。

city城市chéng shìin the middle of正在zhèng zàirapid迅速xùn sùmodernization现代化xiàn dài huà。

we我们wǒ menwant to要yào把bǎthe process流程liú chéngautomate自动化zì dòng huà。

we / us我们wǒ mento want to想要xiǎng yàoto achieve实现shí xiàncourse流程liú chéngautomation自动化zì dòng huà。

to remember记住jì zhù： to make into化huà = English (language)英语yīng yǔ "-ize / -ify" — to receive接jiēat / in在zài词后cí hòuto constitute构成gòu chéng“to change转变zhuǎn biànfor为wèi…”(modifier / structural particle)的deverb动词dòng cí：modernization现代化xiàn dài huà (modernize), to make more beautiful美化měi huà (beautify), automation自动化zì dòng huà (automate), to internationalize国际化guó jì huà (internationalize), diversification多样化duō yàng huà (diversify)。

ข้อควรระวัง

这是zhè shì一个yí gè能产性néng chǎn xìngdegree / adjective linker很hěnvariant of 强强qiáng(modifier / structural particle)的delearning学术xué shùsuffix (linguistics)后缀hòu zhuì — 非常适合fēi cháng shì héabstract抽象chōu xiàng/course of events过程guò chéngkind类lèinoun名词míng cí，to use / with用yòngat / in在zàiday-to-day日常rì chángvocabulary词汇cí huì(bound form) up上shàng(literary) (conjunction…则zé略显lüè xiǎnstiff生硬shēng yìng。
10.6
算 — "count as, consider"

to regard as算suànto express / indicate表示biǎo shìsome某mǒuthing事物shì wù(passive: by)被bèito assign (to a class)归入guī rù某一mǒu yīclassification类别lèi bié — "count as, (passive: by)被bèito view as视为shì wèi, in keeping with符合fú hé…qualifications资格zī gé"。alone单独dān dúto use使用shǐ yòngo'clock时shí，let it be算了suàn le = "let it be算了suàn le，unexpectedly不想bù xiǎng(completed / change)了le。"

โครงสร้าง: Subject + 算 + Adjective / Category + 的

in在zàiour我们wǒ menclass班bānhe，他tācounts as算suàntall高gāo的de。

at / in在zàiwe / us我们wǒ menteam班bān，他算tā suànheight个子gè zihigh高gāo(modifier / structural particle)的de。

this这zhèbit of点diǎnmoney钱qiánisn't不bùcounted as算suàna lot多duō。

这点zhè diǎncoin钱qiánto not calculate不算bù suànmany多duō。

to remember记住jì zhù： to regard as算suàn = "reckons as / counts as" — to use / with用yòng“to count计算jì suàn”(modifier / structural particle)的deidea意思yì sito come来láito judge判断pàn duànto classify归类guī lèi：他算tā suànhigh高gāo(modifier / structural particle)的de ("counts as tall")。and / but而éralone单独dān dú(modifier / structural particle)的decolloquial speech口语kǒu yǔto express表达biǎo dá let it be算了suàn le = "let it be算了suàn le，随它suí tāto go去qù(suggestion)吧ba。"

ข้อควรระวัง

to classify归类guī lèiouter appearance形式xíng shìregular通常tōng chángto use以yǐ (modifier / structural particle)的de ending结尾jié wěi：to regard as算suànhigh高gāo(modifier / structural particle)的de, to regard as算suàncheap便宜pián yi(modifier / structural particle)的de。
10.7
难怪 — "no wonder"

(it's) no wonder (that...)难怪nán guàito express表达biǎo dáone kind of一种yī zhǒngsuddenly突然tū rán(modifier / structural particle)的deto understand领悟lǐng wù — "no wonder, (it's) no wonder (that...)难怪nán guàilike this如此rú cǐ"。it它tāto place in置于zhì yú现已xiàn yǐclear明白míng bái(modifier / structural particle)的defact事实shì shíbefore之前zhī qián，always常chángand / with与yǔ original原来yuán lái to pair up搭配dā pèito use使用shǐ yòng。

โครงสร้าง: 难怪 + Person / Fact ……

no wonder难怪nán guàihe他tādidn't没méicome来láiit turns out，原来yuán láihe's sick生病shēng bìng了le。

(it's) no wonder (that...)难怪nán guàihe / him他tānot / haven't没méito come来lái — original原来yuán láito be / is是shìto fall ill生病shēng bìng(completed / change)了le。

you你nǐare是shìnew新来xīn lái的deno wonder，难怪nán guàiI我wǒdon't不bùknow认识rèn shiyou你nǐ。

you你nǐto be / is是shì新来xīn lái(modifier / structural particle)的de — (it's) no wonder (that...)难怪nán guàiI / me我wǒnot不bùto know认识rèn shíyou你nǐ。

to remember记住jì zhù： (it's) no wonder (that...)难怪nán guài = "no wonder!" — to suddenly realize恍然大悟huǎng rán dà wù(modifier / structural particle)的de那一刻nà yī kè。literal字面zì miànidea意思yì sito be / is是shì difficult / hard难nán (difficult / hard难nán) + variant of 怪怪guài (variant of 怪怪guài)："since既然jì rán…，that那nàthen / just就jiùno good不好bù hǎoto blame责怪zé guài(completed / change)了le"。it它tāto like喜欢xǐ huanto use / with用yòng original原来yuán lái to extract引出yǐn chūcause原因yuán yīn ((it's) no wonder (that...)难怪nán guài…，original原来yuán lái…)。

ข้อควรระวัง

it它tāto extract引出yǐn chū(modifier / structural particle)的deto be / is是shìnow现在xiàn zài(passive: by)被bèiexplanation解释jiě shì(modifier / structural particle)的dething事物shì wù；explanation解释jiě shìpart部分bù fènsoon after随后suí hòuto appear出现chū xiàn（always常chángto have as a feature or…带有dài yǒu original原来yuán lái）。