Everything in this course is written in one language: particles, formulae and equations. Section 1 teaches it — how particles arrange themselves in solids, liquids and gases; how atoms are built and lined up in the Periodic Table; how to turn a sentence about a reaction into a balanced equation and a mass calculation; and how the three kinds of bonding give every substance its properties.
Edexcel International GCSE Chemistry 4CH1, Section 1 (ข้อความ 1.1–1.60C) เป็นส่วนที่ใหญ่ที่สุดและเป็นรากฐานสำหรับอีกสามส่วน ข้อความที่มี C ต่อท้ายคือส่วนขยายสำหรับวิชาแยก (Chemistry-Only)
A solvent dissolves the solute to make a solution; a saturated solution holds all the solute it can at that temperature. (C) Solubility is the mass dissolved per 100 g of solvent at a stated temperature, read from a solubility curve — points on the line are saturated; below it, unsaturated.
The Periodic Table lists elements by atomic number into groups (columns, same outer electrons) and periods (rows). The first 20 electronic configurations follow 2,8,8,2 shells (e.g. sodium 2.8.1). Metals sit left/centre: their oxides are basic and they conduct; non-metal oxides are acidic. Group members behave alike because they have the same number of outer electrons; Group 0 noble gases have full outer shells and do not readily react.
Worked check (reacting masses). What mass of magnesium oxide forms from 6.0 g of magnesium? $2\mathrm{Mg} + \mathrm{O_2} \rightarrow 2\mathrm{MgO}$: $n(\mathrm{Mg}) = 6.0/24 = 0.25$ mol → $n(\mathrm{MgO}) = 0.25$ mol → mass $= 0.25 \times 40 = 10$ g.
(C) Solutions: $n = c \times V$ with $c$ in mol/dm³ and $V$ in dm³ (cm³ ÷ 1000). Gases: molar volume 24 dm³ at rtp, so $n = V/24$. (C-practical) A metal oxide's formula comes from combustion (weigh magnesium, burn, weigh the oxide) or reduction (weigh copper(II) oxide, reduce with hydrogen, weigh the copper).
สำรวจ
Moles set the reaction endpoint
$n_A/a\quad\text{compared with}\quad n_B/b$
Convert mass into moles, compare amounts divided by equation coefficients, and track what is used, formed and left. Changing starting amounts can change the limiting reactant.
Covalent bonding: shared pairs of electrons (dot-and-cross for H₂, O₂, N₂, halogens, HCl, H₂O, NH₃, CO₂ and small organics). Simple molecular substances have weak intermolecular forces — low melting points, rising with $M_r$; they do not conduct (no ions, no free electrons). Giant covalent: diamond (each C bonded to 4 — very hard, non-conductor), graphite (3 bonds + one free electron per C, layers with weak forces — soft, conducts, slippery), C₆₀ fullerene (simple molecular cage).
Compare solid, molten and dissolved NaCl. The same ions can be held at lattice sites or mobile; reversing the field changes their drift, not their charge.
Reducing 0.050 mol Cu²⁺ to copper requires 0.100 mol electrons. Track copper and electron amounts, then compare cathode signs while keeping reduction and the 2:1 ratio unchanged.