Конкуренция на рынке, рынок труда и государственное регулирование
Pearson Edexcel · International GCSE · Economics Тема 5 2:55 Английское озвучивание · Английский + китайские субтитры (встроенные)
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Topic 5 has three strands: business competition, the labour market and government intervention.
第五主题有三条主线：企业竞争、劳动市场和政府干预。
Competition brings efficiency, choice, quality, innovation and lower prices.
竞争带来效率、选择、质量、创新和更低的价格。
A monopoly makes 40 units at a price of 50 and earns a profit of 800.
垄断者生产 40 单位，价格 50， 利润 800。
An oligopoly is a few large firms, with collusion and price wars.
寡头垄断是少数几家大企业，伴随合谋和价格战。
The labour market clears at 200 workers and a wage of 8, and a minimum wage of 9 leaves 75 unemployed.
劳动市场在 200 名工人、工资 8 处出清，最低工资 9 使 75 人失业。
Learn the five intervention policies.
要记住 五项干预政策。
The MR equals MC chain comes first, then the price on average revenue, always in that order.
先用边际收益等于边际成本求产量，再在平均收益曲线上读价格，顺序不能颠倒。
A monopoly is one dominant firm with a unique product behind barriers such as patents, marketing and start-up costs, so it sets the price.
垄断是一家占主导的企业，拥有独特的产品，并有专利、 营销和启动成本等壁垒，所以它能定价。
Marginal revenue equals marginal cost at 40 units, and the price read off average revenue is 50.
边际收益在 40 单位处等于边际成本，在平均收益曲线上读出价格为 50。
With average cost 30 the profit is 20 times 40, which is 800, at a higher price and lower output than the competitive point of 60 units at 40.
平均成本为 30 时，利润 等于 20 乘 40，即 800，价格高于、产量低于竞争性的点，即价格 40 时的 60 单位。
Oligopoly is a few large firms with differentiated products, collusion and cartels, and price and non-price competition.
寡头垄断是少数几家大企业，产品有差异，存在合谋 和卡特尔，以及价格和非价格竞争。
Solve the two equations, then read the wage and employment.
解这两个方程，然后读出工资和就业。
Labour demand is derived from demand for the product, and it follows productivity and the price of machines that could replace workers.
劳动需求来自对产品的需求，并且取决于生产率以及可能替代工人的机器的价格。
Labour supply follows population, migration, the age structure, retirement and school-leaving ages, female participation, skills and mobility.
劳动供给取决于人口、 移民、年龄结构、退休和离校年龄、女性参与率、技能和流动性。
Supply is W equals 4 plus 0.02 L, and demand is W equals 16 minus 0.04 L, so they cross at 200 workers and a wage of 8.
供给为 W 等于 4 加 0.02 L，需求为 W 等于 16 减 0.04 L，所以两者相交 于 200 名工人、工资 8。
A rise in demand raises both the wage and employment; trade unions push wages above equilibrium.
需求增加会同时提高工资和就业；工会把工资推到均衡水平以上。
Every policy answer weighs the gain against the side-effect.
每一个政策答案都要权衡收益与副作用。
For externalities, governments use taxation, subsidies, fines, regulation and pollution permits; each is targeted but hard to set exactly, costs money to enforce, and can fall hardest on the poor.
针对外部性，政府使用税收、补贴、罚款、管制和排污许可证；每一种都有针对性，但很难精确设定， 执行需要成本，而且可能对穷人影响最大。
Competition policy promotes competition, limits monopoly power, protects consumers and controls mergers.
竞争政策促进竞争、限制垄断势力、保护消费者并控制兼并。
A minimum wage of 9 sets a floor above the equilibrium of 8: 250 people want work but firms hire only 175, so 75 are unemployed.
最低工资 9 设定了高于均衡工资 8 的 下限：250 人想工作，但企业只雇 175 人，所以 75 人失业。
Higher pay for those in work trades against that unemployment and higher costs for businesses.
在职者工资更高，要与这些失业和企业更高的成本相权衡。
Work the checklist against the worked examples in the handout.
对照讲义中的例题逐条自测。