Treatment
Introduced| English |
|---|
| Meta-analytic/ˈmetə ˌænəˈlɪtɪk/ |
| psychotropic medication/ˌsaɪkəʊˈtrɒpɪk ˌmedɪˈkeɪʃn/ |
| deinstitutionalise/ˌdeɪnstɪˈtjuːʃənəlaɪz/ |
| ethical principles/ˈeθɪkl ˈprɪnsɪplz/ |
| free association/friː əˌsəʊsɪˈeɪʃn/ |
| dream interpretation/driːm ɪnˌtɜːprɪˈteɪʃn/ |
| cognitive restructuring/ˈkɒɡnɪtɪv rɪˈstrʌktʃərɪŋ/ |
| fear hierarchies/fɪə ˈhaɪərɑːkiz/ |
| Person-centred therapy/ˈpɜːsn ˈsentəd ˈθerəpi/ |
| active listening/ˈæktɪv ˈlɪsənɪŋ/ |
| Hypnosis/hɪpˈnəʊsɪs/ |
| Applied behaviour analysis/əˈplaɪd bɪˈheɪvjə əˈnæləsɪs/ |
| Cognitive-behavioural therapies/ˈkɒɡnɪtɪv bɪˈheɪvjərəl ˈθerəpiz/ |
| antidepressants/ˌæntɪdɪˈpresənts/ |
| antianxiety drugs/ˌæntɪæŋˈzaɪəti drʌɡz/ |
| lithium/ˈlɪθɪəm/ |
| antipsychotics/ˌæntɪsaɪˈkɒtɪks/ |
| psychosurgery/ˈsaɪkəʊsɜːdʒəri/ |
| TMS/ˌtiː em ˈes/ |
| ECT/ˌiː siː ˈtiː/ |
Does therapy work?
- The question can be answered, and it has been — by combining many studies at once.
- Meta-analytic 元分析 studies conclude that psychotherapies are generally effective.
- That conclusion is the starting point for everything else in this topic.
Meta-analytic studies of psychotherapy conclude that it is...
Combining many studies is what makes the general conclusion possible.
Deinstitutionalisation and ethics
- The increased use and effectiveness of psychotropic medication 精神药物治疗 led hospitals to deinstitutionalise 去机构化.
- Psychologists in clinical settings must follow established ethical principles 伦理原则.
- Effectiveness and ethics are separate requirements — a treatment must satisfy both.
Talking therapies
- Psychodynamic therapies use free association 自由联想 and dream interpretation 释梦 to reach the unconscious.
- Cognitive therapies use cognitive restructuring 认知重构 and fear hierarchies 恐惧等级表 against maladaptive thinking.
- Person-centred therapy 以人为中心的治疗, from the humanistic perspective, uses active listening 积极倾听 and unconditional positive regard.
Which therapy uses this technique?
Match each technique to the therapy it belongs to.
The psychodynamic technique of saying whatever comes to mind is called free ____.
Free association and dream interpretation are the two psychodynamic techniques named.
The CED states explicitly that research does not support hypnosis for memory retrieval, even though it is effective for pain and anxiety. A therapy can be effective for one purpose and unsupported for another, and the exam tests exactly that distinction.
Match each therapy to its characteristic technique.
Each therapy follows from where its perspective locates the problem.
Behavioural and combined therapies
- Applied behaviour analysis 应用行为分析 applies conditioning principles to address disorders.
- Cognitive-behavioural therapies 认知行为治疗 combine both, and include dialectical behaviour therapy and rational-emotive behaviour therapy.
- Group therapy differs from individual therapy in that members also respond to each other, not only to the therapist.
Research supports the use of hypnosis to retrieve accurate memories.
It is effective for pain and anxiety; the CED says research does not support memory retrieval.
Select all the biological interventions the CED names.
Active listening is a person-centred technique, not a biological intervention.
Biological interventions
- Psychoactive medications include antidepressants 抗抑郁药, antianxiety drugs 抗焦虑药, lithium 锂盐 and antipsychotics 抗精神病药.
- Surgical or invasive interventions include psychosurgery 精神外科手术, TMS 经颅磁刺激 and ECT 电休克治疗.
- Hypnosis 催眠 is effective for pain and anxiety — but research does not support it for memory retrieval.
A person with a specific phobia is guided up a fear hierarchy, from a photograph to the real object, while practising relaxation. Nothing is discussed about the unconscious — the treatment follows directly from the cognitive-behavioural account of where the problem lies.
Meta-analytic studies find psychotherapy generally effective. Psychodynamic therapy uses free association, cognitive therapy uses restructuring and fear hierarchies, person-centred therapy uses active listening, and CBT combines approaches. Biological interventions include medications, TMS and ECT, and hypnosis helps pain but not memory.