Perception
| English | Chinese | Pinyin |
|---|---|---|
| Perception | 知觉 | zhī jué |
| Bottom-up processing | 自下而上加工 | zì xià ér shàng jiā gōng |
| Top-down processing | 自上而下加工 | zì shàng ér xià jiā gōng |
| Schemas | 图式 | tú shì |
| perceptual sets | 知觉定势 | zhī jué dìng shì |
| cultural expectations | 文化期待 | wén huà qī dài |
| Attention | 注意 | zhù yì |
| Gestalt | 格式塔 | gé shì tǎ |
| closure | 闭合 | bì hé |
| figure and ground | 图形与背景 | tú xíng yǔ bèi jǐng |
| proximity | 邻近性 | lín jìn xìng |
| similarity | 相似性 | xiāng sì xìng |
| Binocular cues | 双眼线索 | shuāng yǎn xiàn suǒ |
| retinal disparity | 视网膜像差 | shì wǎng mó xiàng chà |
| convergence | 辐辏 | fú còu |
| Monocular cues | 单眼线索 | dān yǎn xiàn suǒ |
| texture gradient | 纹理梯度 | wén lǐ tī dù |
| linear perspective | 线条透视 | xiàn tiáo tòu shì |
| interposition | 遮挡 | zhē dǎng |
| Perceptual constancies | 知觉恒常性 | zhī jué héng cháng xìng |
| apparent movement | 似动 | shì dòng |
Two people look at the same thing and see different things
- Sensation delivers the same raw data to both of them.
- What differs is what each brain does with it.
- Perception 知觉 is that second step — organising and interpreting sensation.
Bottom-up and top-down
- Bottom-up processing 自下而上加工 starts from the external sensory information itself.
- Top-down processing 自上而下加工 starts from what you already expect and know.
- Most perception uses both at once; questions ask which one a case relies on primarily.
Reading messy handwriting easily because you know the words relies mainly on...
Prior knowledge filling in unclear input is top-down processing.
The filters you bring with you
- Schemas 图式 and perceptual sets 知觉定势 are internal filters — frameworks that shape what you notice.
- Context, experience and cultural expectations 文化期待 are external filters.
- Attention 注意 is where sensation and perception meet, and it is affected by both kinds of filter.
An expectation that shapes what you notice before you notice it is a perceptual ____.
A perceptual set is an internal filter, alongside schemas.
Do not use sensation and perception as synonyms. Sensation is detection and transduction; perception is organisation and interpretation. A question about why two people disagree about what they saw is always a perception question.
Select all Gestalt principles the CED names.
Convergence is a binocular depth cue, not a Gestalt grouping principle.
Gestalt principles
- Gestalt 格式塔 psychology described how we group parts into wholes.
- The four the CED names are closure 闭合, figure and ground 图形与背景, proximity 邻近性 and similarity 相似性.
- Each one is the brain adding structure the sensory data did not contain.
Binocular or monocular?
Sort each depth cue by how many eyes it needs.
Perceptual constancy means an object looks different whenever its retinal image changes.
Constancy does the opposite — it keeps the object the same to you despite the changing image.
Match each cue to what it uses.
Disparity needs two eyes; interposition and texture gradient need only one.
Depth, constancy and movement
- Binocular cues 双眼线索 need two eyes: retinal disparity 视网膜像差 and convergence 辐辏.
- Monocular cues 单眼线索 work with one: relative clarity, relative size, texture gradient 纹理梯度, linear perspective 线条透视 and interposition 遮挡.
- Perceptual constancies 知觉恒常性 keep an object the same to you even as its retinal image changes; apparent movement 似动 is motion perceived where none occurs.
You read a handwritten note easily even though several letters are ambiguous. Bottom-up, the marks are unclear; top-down, your knowledge of the words fills them in. The same marks would be unreadable in a language you do not know.
Perception organises and interprets sensation, combining bottom-up and top-down processing. Schemas, perceptual sets, context and culture filter it. Gestalt principles group parts into wholes, binocular and monocular cues give depth, and constancies keep objects stable.