Loyalty to the Nation
Five ways of encouraging loyalty
- Nationalists encouraged loyalty to the nation in a variety of ways, including romantic idealism, liberal reform, political unification, racialism with a concomitant anti-Semitism, and chauvinism justifying national aggrandisement.
- The list runs from the benign to the dangerous, and the CED puts them in one sentence on purpose.
- So nationalism is not one thing with one moral valence — it is a set of methods that different movements used differently.
Select all the methods of encouraging national loyalty the CED lists.
The list also includes racialism with a concomitant anti-Semitism.
The dangerous end of the list
- Racialism with a concomitant anti-Semitism is named as one of nationalism's methods, not as an aberration outside it.
- Concomitant means accompanying — the CED is stating that the two travelled together.
- Recording this accurately is part of the historical account; it is what the CED asks a student to know.
'Concomitant' in the CED's phrase means...
The CED is stating that the two travelled together.
Acculturation, and a response
- While during the 19th century western European Jews became more socially and politically acculturated, Zionism, a form of Jewish nationalism, developed late in the century as a response to growing anti-Semitism throughout Europe.
- The CED's structure is a contrast: acculturation on one side, and a response to growing anti-Semitism on the other.
- Zionism is classified here as a form of Jewish nationalism, which places it inside the same thread as the other national movements.
A method, a response, or a state strategy?
Sort each element of nineteenth-century nationalism.
The CED classifies Zionism as...
Developed late in the century as a response to growing anti-Semitism.
Nationalism is a set of methods, not one thing with one moral valence. The CED's own list runs from romantic idealism and liberal reform through political unification to racialism with a concomitant anti-Semitism and chauvinism justifying national aggrandisement — all in one sentence, because different movements used different parts of it.
Select all the conservative leaders the CED names as using popular nationalism.
Robespierre belongs to 5.4, and was not a conservative.
Conservatives use nationalism
- A new generation of conservative leaders, including Napoleon III, Cavour, and Bismarck, used popular nationalism to create or strengthen the state.
- This is the reversal that makes the century legible: a force 6.5 tried to contain becomes a tool for building states.
- Used is the verb — the CED is describing instrumental adoption, not conversion.
The dual monarchy recognised the political power of the largest ethnic ____.
An attempt to stabilise the state by reconfiguring national unity.
Or reconfigure a state around it
- The creation of the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary, which recognised the political power of the largest ethnic minority, was an attempt to stabilise the state by reconfiguring national unity.
- An attempt again: the CED records the strategy without endorsing its success.
- It is the alternative to unification — where a state cannot be built on one nation, it bargains with the largest.
A minister who spent his career opposing popular movements discovers that one of them can be pointed at a rival state. He does not become a believer; he becomes a user. The CED's verb for this is used, and it is the most economical word available.
Nationalists encouraged loyalty in a variety of ways, including romantic idealism, liberal reform, political unification, racialism with a concomitant anti-Semitism, and chauvinism justifying national aggrandisement. Zionism, a form of Jewish nationalism, developed late in the century as a response to growing anti-Semitism, alongside increasing acculturation of western European Jews. Conservative leaders — Napoleon III, Cavour, Bismarck — used popular nationalism to create or strengthen the state, and Austria-Hungary's dual monarchy attempted stability by reconfiguring national unity.