The New Ideologies
Liberals, and their internal argument
- Liberals emphasised popular sovereignty, individual rights, and enlightened self-interest but debated the extent to which all groups in society should actively participate in its governance.
- Three commitments, and then a debate — the CED puts the disagreement inside liberalism, not outside it.
- So "the liberals wanted democracy" is too simple; the extent of participation was the open question.
The CED puts the liberals' disagreement...
The extent of participation was the open question.
Radicals and republicans go further
- Radicals in Britain and republicans on the continent demanded universal male suffrage and full citizenship without regard to wealth and property ownership; some argued that such rights should be extended to women.
- The demand is universal male suffrage — the CED is exact, and then records that some went further.
- 5.4's restriction of citizenship to men is being contested here, by a minority within a minority.
Radicals and republicans demanded universal ____ suffrage without regard to wealth.
And some argued such rights should be extended to women.
Socialists, from utopian to scientific
- Socialists called for the redistribution of society's resources and wealth and evolved from a utopian to a Marxist scientific critique of capitalism.
- Marx's scientific socialism provided a systematic critique of capitalism and a deterministic analysis of society and historical evolution.
- Deterministic is the distinguishing word: the claim is not just that capitalism is unjust but that its outcome is determined.
The distinguishing word in the CED's description of Marx's analysis is...
Not just that capitalism is unjust, but that its outcome is determined.
The liberals' disagreement is inside liberalism. They emphasised popular sovereignty, individual rights and enlightened self-interest but debated the extent to which all groups should actively participate in governance — so "liberals wanted democracy" is too simple, and the extent of participation was the open question.
Which ideology is this?
Sort each claim to the ideology that makes it.
Anarchists rejected...
Not a preference for one government over another.
Anarchists reject authority as such
- Anarchists asserted that all forms of governmental authority were unnecessary and should be overthrown and replaced with a society based on voluntary cooperation.
- All forms is the point: this is not a preference for one government over another.
- So the four ideologies differ not only in what they want but in what they think the state is for.
Match each ideology to the part of the order it attacks.
Naming which part each attacks is the strong move.
How and why they challenged the order
- Each ideology challenges a different part of 6.5's settlement: legitimacy, the franchise, property, and authority itself.
- Why: industrialisation created conditions and classes the existing order had no account of.
- So the ideologies are the third thread's ideological responses, and naming which part each attacks is the strong move.
Four critics look at the same factory town. One asks who may vote about it, one asks whether every man may, one asks who owns it, and one asks why anyone should be governed at all. They are not four degrees of the same complaint.
Liberals emphasised popular sovereignty, individual rights and enlightened self-interest but debated the extent of participation; radicals and republicans demanded universal male suffrage and full citizenship without regard to wealth, and some argued rights should extend to women; socialists called for redistribution and evolved from a utopian to a Marxist scientific critique, whose deterministic analysis of history is its distinguishing feature; anarchists asserted all forms of governmental authority were unnecessary.