Technology and Scale
The factory becomes the norm
- Mechanisation and the factory system became the predominant modes of production by 1914.
- Predominant is a measured word — it means most, not all, and 6.2's lagging regions are the remainder.
- The date matters: this is a century-long change, not an event.
'Predominant modes of production by 1914' means...
6.2's lagging regions are the remainder.
Railways integrate
- New technologies and means of communication and transportation — including railroads — resulted in more fully integrated national economies, a higher level of urbanisation, and a truly global economic network.
- Three results from one cause, and they operate at three scales: national, urban, global.
- The global one connects back to 3.4's network — the same network, now moving at rail and telegraph speed.
Select all three results the CED gives for the new technologies.
Three results from one cause, at three scales.
A second revolution, and consumers
- During the second industrial revolution (c. 1870-1914), more areas of Europe experienced industrial activity, and industrial processes increased in scale and complexity.
- New, efficient methods of transportation and other innovations created new industries, improved the distribution of goods, increased consumerism, and enhanced quality of life.
- A heightened consumerism developed as a result of the second industrial revolution.
National, urban, or global?
Sort each result of the new technologies by its scale.
In the second industrial revolution, industrial processes increased in scale and ____.
c. 1870-1914, and more areas of Europe experienced industrial activity.
Population growth has an agricultural cause as well as an industrial one. The CED credits it to industrialisation along with better harvests caused in part by the commercialisation of agriculture — dropping the harvests leaves out half of what the sentence says.
Select all the demographic effects the CED names.
Credited to industrialisation along with better harvests.
Population, and why it grew
- Along with better harvests caused in part by the commercialisation of agriculture, industrialisation promoted population growth, longer life expectancy, and lowered infant mortality.
- Note the shared credit: along with better harvests, and those harvests are in part commercial in origin.
- So population growth has an agricultural cause as well as an industrial one, and the CED will not let you drop either.
The CED attributes heightened consumerism to the second industrial revolution.
New industries, improved distribution, and enhanced quality of life alongside it.
Economic and social change
- Both objectives here run from innovation to change — economic and social, economic and political.
- Economic: integrated national economies, new industries, better distribution, a global network.
- Social: urbanisation, population growth, longer life, consumerism and enhanced quality of life.
A rail line reaches a town. Grain arrives from three hundred miles away at a price the local market has never seen, a factory finds it can now sell nationally, and a letter that took four days takes one. Three scales change at once, from one piece of track.
Mechanisation and the factory system became the predominant modes of production by 1914, and new technologies and transportation — including railroads — resulted in more fully integrated national economies, higher urbanisation, and a truly global economic network. The second industrial revolution (c. 1870-1914) brought greater scale and complexity and heightened consumerism; population growth is credited to industrialisation along with better harvests.