Demographic pressure at both ends
- Migration in many cases was influenced by changes in demographics in both industrialised and unindustrialised societies that presented challenges to existing patterns of living.
- The CED puts both kinds of society in the same clause — pressure existed at the sending end and the receiving end.
- Challenges to existing patterns of living is the mechanism: when a place can no longer support the way people lived there, some of them leave.
CED에 따르면 인구 변화는 ...에서의 이민을 주도했습니다.
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보내미 side와 받아미 side 모두에서 압력이 존재했습니다.
Transport changed the destination
- Because of the nature of new modes of transportation, both internal and external migrants increasingly relocated to cities.
- This pattern contributed to the significant global urbanisation of the 19th century.
- So 5.5's railways and steamships are a cause here — they made a city reachable from a countryside that had never been connected to one.
CED가 언급한 강제 또는 반강제 이민을 모두 선택하십시오.
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영국 엔지니어는 자유롭게 선택한 사람들 중 일입니다.
And made return possible
- The new methods of transportation also allowed for many migrants to return, periodically or permanently, to their home societies.
- The CED's examples: Japanese agricultural workers in the Pacific, Lebanese merchants in the Americas, Italian industrial workers in Argentina.
- A migration that can be reversed is a different decision from one that cannot — which is why return migration is its own historical fact.
사람들이 이동한 이유와 그들을 이동시킨 요인을 분리하십시오.
인구 변화는 이유를 제공하며, 증기선과 철도는 가능성을 제공합니다.
신운송 방법은 많은 이민자가 고향으로 돌아가게 했습니다.
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무엇이 이민 결정의 종류를 바꾸었습니까?
Coerced migration was not a leftover. The CED says the new global capitalist economy continued to rely on coerced and semicoerced labour migration — enslavement, Chinese and Indian indentured servitude, convict labour. Treating nineteenth-century migration as essentially voluntary contradicts the clause.
이민자들은 increasingly relocated to ____, contributing to 19th-century global urbanisation.
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철도와 증기선은 시골과 연결되지 않은 도시에서 도달 가능한 도시를 만들었습니다.
Free choice, and its opposite
- Many individuals chose freely to relocate, often in search of work — the CED names the Irish to the United States and British engineers and geologists to South Asia and Africa.
- The new global capitalist economy continued to rely on coerced and semicoerced labour migration, including enslavement, Chinese and Indian indentured servitude, and convict labour.
- The word continued matters: coercion is not a survival from an earlier era but a working part of the nineteenth-century economy.
각 이민자 그룹을 그것이 설명하는 것에 매칭하십시오.
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한 세기에 걸린 세 가지 종류의 이동.
Environmental and economic factors
- This subtopic has two objectives, one environmental and one economic, and they want different evidence.
- Environmental: demographic change, land pressure, and what transport made reachable.
- Economic: the search for work, and an economy that relied on coerced and semicoerced labour.
An Italian worker takes a steamship to Argentina for a harvest season and comes home. Fifty years earlier the journey would have been a one-way decision for life. Transport did not only move more people — it changed what kind of decision migrating was.
Demographic change in both industrialised and unindustrialised societies challenged existing patterns of living and drove migration. New transport sent migrants increasingly to cities, contributing to 19th-century global urbanisation, and allowed many to return. Many chose freely, in search of work, while the economy continued to rely on coerced and semicoerced labour migration.