| English | 意味 |
|---|---|
| Sensation/senˈseɪʃn/ | 感覚 |
| transduction/trænsˈdʌkʃn/ | 変換 |
| threshold/ˈθreʃəʊld/ | 閾値 |
| just-noticeable difference/dʒʌst ˈnəʊtɪsəbl ˈdɪfrəns/ | 最小可覚差 |
| Weber's law/ˈwebəz lɔː/ | ウェーバーの法則 |
| Sensory adaptation/ˈsensəri ˌædæpˈteɪʃn/ | 感覚適応 |
| retina/ˈretɪnə/ | 網膜 |
| visual accommodation/ˈvɪʒuːəl əˌkɒməˈdeɪʃn/ | 視覚調整 |
| Rods/rɒdz/ | 桿体細胞 |
| cones/kəʊnz/ | 錐体細胞 |
| trichromatic theory/ˌtrɪkrəʊˈmætɪk ˈθɪəri/ | 三原色説 |
| opponent-process theory/əˈpəʊnənt ˈprəʊses ˈθɪəri/ | 拮抗過程説 |
| pitch/pɪtʃ/ | 音高 |
| loudness/ˈlaʊdnəs/ | 音響 |
| Olfaction/ɒlˈfækʃn/ | 嗅覚 |
| gustation/ɡʌˈsteɪʃn/ | 味覚 |
| Gate control theory/ɡeɪt kənˈtrəʊl ˈθɪəri/ | ゲートコントロール理論 |
| vestibular sense/veˈstɪbjʊlə sens/ | 前庭感覚 |
| kinesthesis/ˈkaɪnsθəsɪs/ | 運動感覚 |
You stop noticing the clock after a minute
- A sound that was obvious becomes unnoticeable while it is still there.
- Your senses are not recording devices — they report change.
- This lesson is about how the body turns physical energy into a signal, and what it discards.
Sensation and transduction
- Sensation 感觉 is detecting information from the environment that meets a certain threshold 阈限, and turning it into a neural signal.
- That conversion is transduction 换能.
- Below threshold, the stimulus is present but produces no signal at all.
物理的な刺激を神経信号に変換することを ____ と呼びます。
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転送は変換のステップです；閾値未満では全く信号が生じません。
Detecting change, and stopping
- The just-noticeable difference 最小可觉差 is the smallest change you can detect.
- Weber's law 韦伯定律 says that difference is a proportion of the original, not a fixed amount.
- Sensory adaptation 感觉适应 is the diminished response to an unchanging stimulus — the clock you stop hearing.
ウェーバーの法則によると、最小可感差とは...
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一杯のお湯には1勺の砂糖が検出できるのに、ポットでは検出できない — 割合が重要であることがわかります。
Sensory adaptation is not the same as habituation. Adaptation happens in the sense organ itself — the receptors stop responding. Habituation is a learned drop in response that happens in the brain. The exam distinguishes them.
どの感覚系ですか？
各構造または用語を、所属する感覚に分類しなさい。
CEDは、色覚は三原色説のみで説明されると述べています。
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色覚は三原色説と拮抗プロセス説の両方によって説明されます。
Vision, in the terms the exam uses
- The retina 视网膜 is the photosensitive surface at the back of the eye; the lens focuses light onto it by visual accommodation 视觉调节.
- Rods 视杆细胞 in the periphery detect shape and movement but not colour; cones 视锥细胞 detect colour and detail.
- Colour vision is explained by both the trichromatic theory 三色理论 and the opponent-process theory 对立过程理论.
視覚や聴覚ではなく、身体感覚に属するものをすべて選択してください。
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網膜は視覚系の一部であり、他の3つは身体感覚です。
各用語を、所属する感覚に対応させなさい。
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ロッドとコネは光を符号化し、位置説は音高を符号化し、嗅覚は視床をバイパスします。
Hearing, chemistry, touch and balance
- Sound is air movement: wavelength gives pitch 音高 and amplitude gives loudness 响度. Pitch perception is explained by place, volley and frequency theories.
- Olfaction 嗅觉 is the only sense not routed through the thalamus; gustation 味觉 has sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami and oleogustus.
- Gate control theory 闸门控制理论 describes pain being processed in body and brain together.
- The vestibular sense 前庭觉 gives balance; kinesthesis 动觉 gives the sense of your own body's movement.
Add one spoon of sugar to a cup of tea and you taste the difference. Add one spoon to a large jug and you do not. The amount added is identical — what changed is the proportion, which is exactly what Weber's law predicts.
Sensation detects stimuli above threshold and transduces them into neural signals. The just-noticeable difference follows Weber's law as a proportion, and sensory adaptation removes unchanging stimuli. Vision uses rods and cones with two colour theories; hearing codes pitch and loudness; and vestibular and kinesthetic senses track balance and body movement.