| English | 意味 |
|---|---|
| internal energy/ɪnˈtɜːnl ˈenədʒi/ | 内部エネルギー |
| translational/trænˈsleɪʃənl/ | 並進 |
| rotational/rəʊˈteɪʃənl/ | 回転 |
| vibrational/vaɪˈbreɪʃənl/ | 振動 |
| ideal gas/aɪˈdɪəl ɡæs/ | 理想気体 |
| intermolecular/ˌɪntəməˈlekjʊlə/ | 分子間 |
A cup of tea that is going nowhere, fast
- A cup of tea sits still on the table. Nothing about it is moving, and yet its molecules are travelling at hundreds of metres per second, in every direction at once.
- The velocities cancel, which is why the cup stays put. The energies do not cancel, because kinetic energy has no direction to cancel with.
- That energy, invisible from outside, is what makes the tea hot and what a kettle had to pay for.
- This lesson is internal energy 内能: what it is made of, what it depends on, and what happens to it when a temperature does not change.
What internal energy is made of
- The internal energy $U$ of a system is the sum of the random distribution of the kinetic and potential energies of its molecules.
- The kinetic part: molecules fly through space (translational 平动), and unless they are single atoms they also spin (rotational 转动) and shake (vibrational 振动).
- The potential part: the energy stored in the forces between molecules, which depends on how far apart they are.
- Both marks of the two-mark definition need "sum of kinetic and potential energies" and the word random. Leaving out "random" describes the energy of a moving object instead.
分子エネルギーのばらつき
内部エネルギーとは、分子の全ランダムな運動エネルギーとポテンシャルエネルギーの合計である。気体に熱を加えると、すべての速度分布が高エネルギー側へシフトする。
内部エネルギーはどのエネルギーの和か?
難易度 2/5 · 140 コイン + 今日初回完了時に小ボーナス付与
内部エネルギー = ランダムな分子運動エネルギー + 分子間ポテンシャルエネルギー。物体全体の運動(全体運動エネルギー)とは別物である。
内部エネルギーの完全な2点満点定義はどれか?
難易度 1/5 · 100 コイン + 今日初回完了時に小ボーナス付与
両方のポイントには「運動エネルギーとポテンシャルエネルギー」と「ランダム」という言葉が必要。「ランダム」がない場合、移動している物体のエネルギーを指す表現になってしまう。
Random, not bulk
- $U$ is a sum over the molecules, not the kinetic energy of the object moving as a whole.
- A tanker of gas driving down a motorway has a great deal of bulk kinetic energy. Its internal energy is exactly the same as when it was parked, because the random molecular motion has not changed.
- Stop the tanker and the bulk kinetic energy becomes heat, which then does raise $U$. The two are separate quantities that can be converted into one another.

One of these has internal energy; both have energy
走行中の電車の全体運動エネルギーは、その内部エネルギーの一部として数えられる。
難易度 1/5 · 100 コイン + 今日初回完了時に小ボーナス付与
いいえ — 内部エネルギーは ランダム な分子運動のエネルギーであり、物体全体が移動していることではない。
高速道路を走行しているガスタンカーは、同じ温度で駐車されているタンカーよりも内部エネルギーが大きい。
難易度 1/5 · 100 コイン + 今日初回完了時に小ボーナス付与
全体運動は内部エネルギーではない。ランダムな分子運動は変化していないため U は同じであり、トラックは単に運動エネルギーも持っているだけである。
A state function
- $U$ is determined by the state of the system: its temperature, pressure, volume and amount of substance.
- It does not depend on the path taken to reach that state. Compress a gas and then heat it, or heat it and then compress it: if the final state is the same, $U$ is the same.
- That is what makes the first law useful in the next lesson: $\Delta U$ can be found from the endpoints alone, however complicated the journey.
内部エネルギーはシステムの状態のみによって決まり、到達する経路には依存しない。
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はい — $U$ は状態関数(T, p, V, 物質量)であるため、同じ状態に至る異なる経路でも $U$ は同じである。
Temperature and internal energy
- Raising an object's temperature raises the random kinetic energy of its molecules, and so raises its internal energy.
- For an ideal gas 理想气体 the intermolecular 分子间 forces are ignored, so the molecular potential energy is zero and the internal energy is purely kinetic. With $\tfrac32 kT$ per molecule:
- So for an ideal gas $U$ is directly proportional to the thermodynamic temperature. Double $T$ and you double $U$. This is exact only for an ideal gas.
理想気体において、内部エネルギーは:
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分子間ポテンシャルエネルギーがないため、$U$ はすべて運動エネルギー:$U = \tfrac{3}{2}NkT = \tfrac{3}{2}nRT$。
理想気体において、絶対温度が倍になると、内部エネルギーは幾倍になるか:
難易度 2/5 · 140 コイン + 今日初回完了時に小ボーナス付与
$U = \tfrac{3}{2}nRT \propto T$、よって $T$ を倍にすると $U$ も倍になる。
Worked example: a gas heated at constant pressure
- Sketch how the internal energy of a fixed mass of ideal gas varies with its volume as it is heated at constant pressure.
- At constant pressure, Charles's law gives $V \propto T$. For an ideal gas, $U \propto T$.
- Therefore $U \propto V$: a straight line through the origin.
- The origin is on the line because at absolute zero both the extrapolated volume and the internal energy are zero. Say why the line passes through the origin; that is usually the second mark.
一定圧力で加熱される一定量の理想気体について、内部エネルギー対体積のグラフの形状はどれか?
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一定圧力では V は T に比例し、理想気体では U は T に比例するため、U は V に比例する。絶対零度で両方ともゼロに外挿されるため、原点を通る。
Phase changes
- When ice melts or water boils, the temperature does not change, yet energy is still being supplied.
- The kinetic energy is unchanged, because the temperature is unchanged. The potential energy rises, as the bonds between molecules are broken and their separation grows.
- So $U$ increases at constant temperature, by the latent heat supplied. This is the clearest case where internal energy and temperature come apart.
水が一定温度で沸騰している間、その内部エネルギーは:
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温度(および運動エネルギー)は変化しないが、エネルギーは結合破壊に使われ — 分子ポテンシャルエネルギーが上昇するため、$U$ は上昇する。
Worked example: name both energies, every time
- A three-mark "describe and explain, with reference to molecular kinetic and potential energies" answer says what happens to each:
- A gas heated at constant volume: the kinetic energy increases, because temperature measures mean molecular kinetic energy; the potential energy is unchanged, since the separation of the molecules does not change; so $U$ increases.
- A wire stretched within its elastic limit at constant temperature: the kinetic energy is unchanged, same temperature; the potential energy increases, because the atoms are pulled further apart against the interatomic forces; so $U$ increases.
- Ice melting at $0\ ^\circ\text{C}$: the kinetic energy is unchanged; the potential energy increases as bonds break and separations grow; so $U$ increases by the latent heat supplied.
各変化に対して、分子運動エネルギーおよびポテンシャルエネルギーに何が起こるか对应させよ。
難易度 2/5 · 140 コイン + 今日初回完了時に小ボーナス付与
温度は運動エネルギーの成分を変化させ、分子間の距離の変化はポテンシャルエネルギーの成分を変化させる。すべての答えで両方を明記すること。
Marks that slip away
- The definition needs random and both energies. "The energy of the molecules" is not enough.
- Bulk motion is not internal energy. A moving object's kinetic energy is separate from $U$.
- $U = \tfrac32 nRT$ holds for an ideal gas only, because only there is the molecular potential energy zero.
- At a phase change the temperature is constant but $U$ rises, through the potential term. Say which energy changes and which does not.
You've got it
- internal energy is the sum of the random distribution of the kinetic and potential energies of a system's molecules
- it is a property of the state, not of the path, and it is separate from the bulk kinetic energy of a moving object
- for an ideal gas the potential term is zero, so $U = \tfrac32 nRT$ and $U \propto T$ exactly
- a phase change raises $U$ at constant temperature by raising the potential energy as bonds break